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Title: Phenolic amides are potent inhibitors of De Novo nucleotide biosynthesis

Abstract

An outstanding challenge toward efficient production of biofuels and value-added chemicals from plant biomass is the impact that lignocellulose-derived inhibitors have on microbial fermentations. Elucidating the mechanisms that underlie their toxicity is critical for developing strategies to overcome them. Here, using Escherichia coli as a model system, we investigated the metabolic effects and toxicity mechanisms of feruloyl amide and coumaroyl amide, the predominant phenolic compounds in ammonia-pretreated biomass hydrolysates. Using metabolomics, isotope tracers, and biochemical assays, we showed that these two phenolic amides act as potent and fast-acting inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways. Feruloyl or coumaroyl amide exposure leads to (i) a rapid buildup of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP), a key precursor in nucleotide biosynthesis, (ii) a rapid decrease in the levels of pyrimidine biosynthetic intermediates, and (iii) a long-term generalized decrease in nucleotide and deoxynucleotide levels. Tracer experiments using 13C-labeled sugars and [15N]ammonia demonstrated that carbon and nitrogen fluxes into nucleotides and deoxynucleotides are inhibited by these phenolic amides. We found that these effects are mediated via direct inhibition of glutamine amidotransferases that participate in nucleotide biosynthetic pathways. In particular, feruloyl amide is a competitive inhibitor of glutamine PRPP amidotransferase (PurF), which catalyzes the first committed step in demore » novo purine biosynthesis. Finally, external nucleoside supplementation prevents phenolic amide-mediated growth inhibition by allowing nucleotide biosynthesis via salvage pathways. Furthermore, the results presented here will help in the development of strategies to overcome toxicity of phenolic compounds and facilitate engineering of more efficient microbial producers of biofuels and chemicals.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1]
  1. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Madison, WI (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
OSTI Identifier:
1345181
Grant/Contract Number:  
FC02-07ER64494
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 81; Journal Issue: 17; Journal ID: ISSN 0099-2240
Publisher:
American Society for Microbiology
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Citation Formats

Pisithkul, Tippapha, Jacobson, Tyler B., O'Brien, Thomas J., Stevenson, David M., and Amador-Noguez, Daniel. Phenolic amides are potent inhibitors of De Novo nucleotide biosynthesis. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1128/aem.01324-15.
Pisithkul, Tippapha, Jacobson, Tyler B., O'Brien, Thomas J., Stevenson, David M., & Amador-Noguez, Daniel. Phenolic amides are potent inhibitors of De Novo nucleotide biosynthesis. United States. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01324-15
Pisithkul, Tippapha, Jacobson, Tyler B., O'Brien, Thomas J., Stevenson, David M., and Amador-Noguez, Daniel. Fri . "Phenolic amides are potent inhibitors of De Novo nucleotide biosynthesis". United States. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01324-15. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1345181.
@article{osti_1345181,
title = {Phenolic amides are potent inhibitors of De Novo nucleotide biosynthesis},
author = {Pisithkul, Tippapha and Jacobson, Tyler B. and O'Brien, Thomas J. and Stevenson, David M. and Amador-Noguez, Daniel},
abstractNote = {An outstanding challenge toward efficient production of biofuels and value-added chemicals from plant biomass is the impact that lignocellulose-derived inhibitors have on microbial fermentations. Elucidating the mechanisms that underlie their toxicity is critical for developing strategies to overcome them. Here, using Escherichia coli as a model system, we investigated the metabolic effects and toxicity mechanisms of feruloyl amide and coumaroyl amide, the predominant phenolic compounds in ammonia-pretreated biomass hydrolysates. Using metabolomics, isotope tracers, and biochemical assays, we showed that these two phenolic amides act as potent and fast-acting inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways. Feruloyl or coumaroyl amide exposure leads to (i) a rapid buildup of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP), a key precursor in nucleotide biosynthesis, (ii) a rapid decrease in the levels of pyrimidine biosynthetic intermediates, and (iii) a long-term generalized decrease in nucleotide and deoxynucleotide levels. Tracer experiments using 13C-labeled sugars and [15N]ammonia demonstrated that carbon and nitrogen fluxes into nucleotides and deoxynucleotides are inhibited by these phenolic amides. We found that these effects are mediated via direct inhibition of glutamine amidotransferases that participate in nucleotide biosynthetic pathways. In particular, feruloyl amide is a competitive inhibitor of glutamine PRPP amidotransferase (PurF), which catalyzes the first committed step in de novo purine biosynthesis. Finally, external nucleoside supplementation prevents phenolic amide-mediated growth inhibition by allowing nucleotide biosynthesis via salvage pathways. Furthermore, the results presented here will help in the development of strategies to overcome toxicity of phenolic compounds and facilitate engineering of more efficient microbial producers of biofuels and chemicals.},
doi = {10.1128/aem.01324-15},
journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
number = 17,
volume = 81,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Jun 12 00:00:00 EDT 2015},
month = {Fri Jun 12 00:00:00 EDT 2015}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
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Cited by: 24 works
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Figures / Tables:

FIG 1 FIG 1: Phenolic amides hinder anaerobic growth and alter intracellular metabolite levels. (A) E. coli cultures were grown anaerobically in M9 minimal medium containing 1% (wt/vol) xylose as the single carbon source. At the time indicated by the arrows (early/mid-exponential phase), lignocellulose-derived phenolic inhibitors (LDPIs) were added at various concentrationsmore » (1 x, 0.5x , and 0.25x ). The 1x concentrations are shown in the top-left table and refer to those present in AFEX-pretreated corn stover hydrolysate. Feruloyl amide and coumaroyl amide were the two major contributors to growth inhibition among this set of LDPIs. Phenolic carboxylates and aldehydes showed no growth-inhibitory effects at the concentrations shown here. The phenolic carboxylate mix contained ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, syringic acid, cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, and caffeic acid. The phenolic aldehyde mix contained vanillin, syringaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and 4-hydroxyacetophenone. The data shown are representative of three biological replicates. (B) Molecular structures of feruloyl amide, coumaroyl amide, and ferulic acid. (C) Exponential-phase E. coli cultures grown anaerobically on xylose were treated with 5.5 mM feruloyl amide or coumaroyl amide. Intracellular metabolites were extracted at 10, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after exposure to phenolic amides and measured by LC-MS. Metabolite levels in treated samples were normalized against those in controls at each corresponding time point. Metabolites whose level increases upon phenolic amide treatment are shown in shades of yellow, and those that decrease are shown in shades of blue based on their log2 fold change over nontreated controls. The data represent the averages of two biological replicates. (D) Average fold changes in 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP), glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), and ribose-5-phosphate at 10 min after treatment with 5.5 mM feruloyl amide, coumaroyl amide, or ferulic acid. Bars represent the mean of four biological replicates ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Abbreviations: P, phosphate; FBP, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; G6P, glucose-6-phosphate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; AKG, α-ketoglutarate.« less

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