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Title: Global Carbon Budget 2016

Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates and consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with datamore » products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models. We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2006–2015), EFF was 9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, ELUC 1.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM 4.5 ± 0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND 3.1 ± 0.9 GtC yr-1. For year 2015 alone, the growth in EFF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, showing a slowdown in growth of these emissions compared to the average growth of 1.8 % yr-1 that took place during 2006–2015. Also, for 2015, ELUC was 1.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM was 6.3 ± 0.2 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND was 1.9 ± 0.9 GtC yr-1. GATM was higher in 2015 compared to the past decade (2006–2015), reflecting a smaller SLAND for that year. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 399.4 ± 0.1 ppm averaged over 2015. For 2016, preliminary data indicate the continuation of low growth in EFF with +0.2 % (range of -1.0 to +1.8 %) based on national emissions projections for China and USA, and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. In spite of the low growth of EFF in 2016, the growth rate in atmospheric CO2 concentration is expected to be relatively high because of the persistence of the smaller residual terrestrial sink (SLAND) in response to El Niño conditions of 2015–2016. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2016, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach 565 ± 55 GtC (2075 ± 205 GtCO2) for 1870–2016, about 75 % from EFF and 25 % from ELUC. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2016).« less

Authors:
 [1]; ORCiD logo [2];  [3];  [4]; ORCiD logo [2];  [2];  [5];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [10]; ORCiD logo [1];  [11];  [12];  [13]; ORCiD logo [13];  [14];  [13];  [15] more »;  [16];  [17];  [18];  [19];  [20]; ORCiD logo [21];  [22]; ORCiD logo [21];  [23];  [24]; ORCiD logo [25];  [26];  [27];  [28];  [29];  [30];  [31]; ORCiD logo [32];  [28];  [33];  [34];  [35];  [27];  [36];  [37];  [38];  [38];  [39];  [12];  [40];  [41];  [42];  [4];  [43];  [16];  [43]; ORCiD logo [44]; ORCiD logo [45];  [46];  [47];  [48]; ORCiD logo [49];  [50]; ORCiD logo [13];  [51];  [52]; ORCiD logo [41] « less
  1. Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich (United Kingdom). Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
  2. Center for International Climate and Environmental Research (CICERO), Oslo (Norway)
  3. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT (Australia). Oceans and Atmosphere. Global Carbon Project
  4. Univ. of Exeter (United Kingdom). College of Life and Environmental Sciences
  5. Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich (United Kingdom). School of Environmental Sciences. Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences
  6. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)
  7. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, CO (United States). Earth System Research Lab.
  8. Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA (United States)
  9. Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States). Scripps Institution of Oceanography
  10. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Seattle, WA (United States). Pacific Marine Environmental Lab. (PMEL)
  11. Karlsruhe Inst. of Technology (KIT) (Germany). Inst. of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research
  12. Univ. of Miami, FL (United States). Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science. Cooperative Inst. for Marine and Atmospheric Studies; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Miami, FL (United States). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Lab.
  13. Inst. Pierre-Simon Laplace, Gif-sur-Yvette (France). Lab. of Climate and Environmental Sciences (LSCE) (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ)
  14. Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States). Dept. of Geographical Sciences
  15. National Inst. of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Dunedin (New Zealand)
  16. National Centre for Meteorological Research (CNRM), Toulouse (France). Joint Research Unit Meteo-France/CNRS
  17. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, MA (United States)
  18. Univ. of Exeter (United Kingdom). College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences
  19. Flanders Marine Inst. (VLIZ), Ostend (Belgium). InnovOcean
  20. Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich (United Kingdom). Climatic Research Unit
  21. Alfred Wegener Inst. Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven (Germany)
  22. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT (Australia). Oceans and Atmosphere
  23. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), Utrecht (Netherlands). The Hague/Bilthoven and Utrecht Univ.
  24. Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL (United States). Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences
  25. Inst. of Applied Energy (IAE), Tokyo (Japan)
  26. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel (Germany)
  27. Max Planck Inst. for Meteorology, Hamburg (Germany)
  28. Lab. of Oceanography and Climate (LOCEAN), Paris (France). Sorbonne Univ., CNRS, IRD, MNHN, IPSL
  29. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Hobart, TAS (Australia). Oceans and Atmosphere
  30. Univ. of Bern (Switzerland). Climate and Environmental Physics. Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research
  31. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO (United States). Climate and Global Dynamics. Terrestrial Sciences Section
  32. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC (Canada). Climate Research Division
  33. Univ. of Miami, FL (United States). Dept. of Ocean Sciences
  34. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Cape Town (South Africa). Centre for High Performance Computing (CHPC). Ocean Systems and Climate
  35. Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. Inst. of Arctic and Alpine Research
  36. National Inst. for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba (Japan). Center for Global Environmental Research
  37. Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States). Joint Inst. for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean
  38. Univ. of Bergen (Norway). Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research. Geophysical Inst.
  39. Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama (Japan). National Research Inst. for Far Sea Fisheries
  40. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States). Biospheric Science Lab.; Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (United States). Dept. of Ecology
  41. Max Planck Inst. for Biogeochemistry, Jena (Germany)
  42. Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (United States). Ocean Process Analysis Lab.
  43. Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen (Norway). Uni Research Climate
  44. Imperial College London, Berkshire (United Kingdom). Life Science Dept.
  45. Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States). Joint Inst. for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Seattle, WA (United States). Pacific Marine Environmental Lab. (PMEL)
  46. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia Univ., Palisades, NY (United States)
  47. Auburn Univ., AL (United States). School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences
  48. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Hobart, TAS (Australia). Oceans and Atmosphere and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre
  49. Wageningen Univ. (Netherlands). Dept. of Meteorology and Air Quality
  50. Vrije Univ., Amsterdam (Netherlands). Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences
  51. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Environmental Sciences Division. Climate Change Science Inst.
  52. Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter (United Kingdom)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
OSTI Identifier:
1335372
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC05-00OR22725; FC03-97ER62402/A010; SC0016323
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Earth System Science Data (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Earth System Science Data (Online); Journal Volume: 8; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1866-3516
Publisher:
Copernicus
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Citation Formats

Le Quéré, Corinne, Andrew, Robbie M., Canadell, Josep G., Sitch, Stephen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Peters, Glen P., Manning, Andrew C., Boden, Thomas A., Tans, Pieter P., Houghton, Richard A., Keeling, Ralph F., Alin, Simone, Andrews, Oliver D., Anthoni, Peter, Barbero, Leticia, Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Ciais, Philippe, Currie, Kim, Delire, Christine, Doney, Scott C., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Harris, Ian, Hauck, Judith, Haverd, Vanessa, Hoppema, Mario, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lenton, Andrew, Lienert, Sebastian, Lombardozzi, Danica, Melton, Joe R., Metzl, Nicolas, Millero, Frank, Monteiro, Pedro M. S., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, O'Brien, Kevin, Olsen, Are, Omar, Abdirahman M., Ono, Tsuneo, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rödenbeck, Christian, Salisbury, Joe, Schuster, Ute, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Stocker, Benjamin D., Sutton, Adrienne J., Takahashi, Taro, Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., van der Werf, Guido R., Viovy, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony P., Wiltshire, Andrew J., and Zaehle, Sönke. Global Carbon Budget 2016. United States: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.5194/essd-8-605-2016.
Le Quéré, Corinne, Andrew, Robbie M., Canadell, Josep G., Sitch, Stephen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Peters, Glen P., Manning, Andrew C., Boden, Thomas A., Tans, Pieter P., Houghton, Richard A., Keeling, Ralph F., Alin, Simone, Andrews, Oliver D., Anthoni, Peter, Barbero, Leticia, Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Ciais, Philippe, Currie, Kim, Delire, Christine, Doney, Scott C., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Harris, Ian, Hauck, Judith, Haverd, Vanessa, Hoppema, Mario, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lenton, Andrew, Lienert, Sebastian, Lombardozzi, Danica, Melton, Joe R., Metzl, Nicolas, Millero, Frank, Monteiro, Pedro M. S., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, O'Brien, Kevin, Olsen, Are, Omar, Abdirahman M., Ono, Tsuneo, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rödenbeck, Christian, Salisbury, Joe, Schuster, Ute, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Stocker, Benjamin D., Sutton, Adrienne J., Takahashi, Taro, Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., van der Werf, Guido R., Viovy, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony P., Wiltshire, Andrew J., & Zaehle, Sönke. Global Carbon Budget 2016. United States. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-605-2016
Le Quéré, Corinne, Andrew, Robbie M., Canadell, Josep G., Sitch, Stephen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Peters, Glen P., Manning, Andrew C., Boden, Thomas A., Tans, Pieter P., Houghton, Richard A., Keeling, Ralph F., Alin, Simone, Andrews, Oliver D., Anthoni, Peter, Barbero, Leticia, Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Ciais, Philippe, Currie, Kim, Delire, Christine, Doney, Scott C., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Harris, Ian, Hauck, Judith, Haverd, Vanessa, Hoppema, Mario, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lenton, Andrew, Lienert, Sebastian, Lombardozzi, Danica, Melton, Joe R., Metzl, Nicolas, Millero, Frank, Monteiro, Pedro M. S., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, O'Brien, Kevin, Olsen, Are, Omar, Abdirahman M., Ono, Tsuneo, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rödenbeck, Christian, Salisbury, Joe, Schuster, Ute, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Stocker, Benjamin D., Sutton, Adrienne J., Takahashi, Taro, Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., van der Werf, Guido R., Viovy, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony P., Wiltshire, Andrew J., and Zaehle, Sönke. Mon . "Global Carbon Budget 2016". United States. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-605-2016. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1335372.
@article{osti_1335372,
title = {Global Carbon Budget 2016},
author = {Le Quéré, Corinne and Andrew, Robbie M. and Canadell, Josep G. and Sitch, Stephen and Korsbakken, Jan Ivar and Peters, Glen P. and Manning, Andrew C. and Boden, Thomas A. and Tans, Pieter P. and Houghton, Richard A. and Keeling, Ralph F. and Alin, Simone and Andrews, Oliver D. and Anthoni, Peter and Barbero, Leticia and Bopp, Laurent and Chevallier, Frédéric and Chini, Louise P. and Ciais, Philippe and Currie, Kim and Delire, Christine and Doney, Scott C. and Friedlingstein, Pierre and Gkritzalis, Thanos and Harris, Ian and Hauck, Judith and Haverd, Vanessa and Hoppema, Mario and Klein Goldewijk, Kees and Jain, Atul K. and Kato, Etsushi and Körtzinger, Arne and Landschützer, Peter and Lefèvre, Nathalie and Lenton, Andrew and Lienert, Sebastian and Lombardozzi, Danica and Melton, Joe R. and Metzl, Nicolas and Millero, Frank and Monteiro, Pedro M. S. and Munro, David R. and Nabel, Julia E. M. S. and Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro and O'Brien, Kevin and Olsen, Are and Omar, Abdirahman M. and Ono, Tsuneo and Pierrot, Denis and Poulter, Benjamin and Rödenbeck, Christian and Salisbury, Joe and Schuster, Ute and Schwinger, Jörg and Séférian, Roland and Skjelvan, Ingunn and Stocker, Benjamin D. and Sutton, Adrienne J. and Takahashi, Taro and Tian, Hanqin and Tilbrook, Bronte and van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T. and van der Werf, Guido R. and Viovy, Nicolas and Walker, Anthony P. and Wiltshire, Andrew J. and Zaehle, Sönke},
abstractNote = {Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates and consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models. We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2006–2015), EFF was 9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, ELUC 1.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM 4.5 ± 0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND 3.1 ± 0.9 GtC yr-1. For year 2015 alone, the growth in EFF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, showing a slowdown in growth of these emissions compared to the average growth of 1.8 % yr-1 that took place during 2006–2015. Also, for 2015, ELUC was 1.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM was 6.3 ± 0.2 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND was 1.9 ± 0.9 GtC yr-1. GATM was higher in 2015 compared to the past decade (2006–2015), reflecting a smaller SLAND for that year. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 399.4 ± 0.1 ppm averaged over 2015. For 2016, preliminary data indicate the continuation of low growth in EFF with +0.2 % (range of -1.0 to +1.8 %) based on national emissions projections for China and USA, and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. In spite of the low growth of EFF in 2016, the growth rate in atmospheric CO2 concentration is expected to be relatively high because of the persistence of the smaller residual terrestrial sink (SLAND) in response to El Niño conditions of 2015–2016. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2016, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach 565 ± 55 GtC (2075 ± 205 GtCO2) for 1870–2016, about 75 % from EFF and 25 % from ELUC. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2016).},
doi = {10.5194/essd-8-605-2016},
journal = {Earth System Science Data (Online)},
number = 2,
volume = 8,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Nov 14 00:00:00 EST 2016},
month = {Mon Nov 14 00:00:00 EST 2016}
}

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Eddy covariance measurements of CO2 exchange from agro-ecosystems located in subtropical (India) and boreal (Finland) climatic conditions
journal, January 2020

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Nitrogen fertilization raises CO 2 efflux from inorganic carbon: A global assessment
journal, April 2018

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Important role of forest disturbances in the global biomass turnover and carbon sinks
journal, August 2019


North China Plain threatened by deadly heatwaves due to climate change and irrigation
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Preface: OzFlux: a network for the study of ecosystem carbon and water dynamics across Australia and New Zealand
journal, January 2018

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Examining the Impact of Tropical Cyclones on Air‐Sea CO 2 Exchanges in the Bay of Bengal Based on Satellite Data and In Situ Observations
journal, January 2019

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Material Flow and Spatial Data Analysis of the Petroleum Use to Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Emissions in Northeast China
journal, October 2018

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Consequences of a Reduced Number of Plant Functional Types for the Simulation of Forest Productivity
journal, July 2018

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Cement production, environmental pollution, and economic growth: evidence from China and USA
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A review of four decades of atmospheric trace gas measurements at Cape Point, South Africa
journal, January 2018


Very large release of mostly volcanic carbon during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
journal, August 2017

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CO2 evasion along streams driven by groundwater inputs and geomorphic controls
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Role of forest regrowth in global carbon sink dynamics
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Biophysics and vegetation cover change: a process-based evaluation framework for confronting land surface models with satellite observations
journal, January 2018

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Atmospheric radiocarbon measurements to quantify CO2 emissions in the UK from 2014 to 2015
journal, January 2019

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Farming with crops and rocks to address global climate, food and soil security
journal, February 2018


The gathering firestorm in southern Amazonia
journal, January 2020

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Assessment of the Carbonate Chemistry Seasonal Cycles in the Southern Ocean From Persistent Observational Platforms
journal, July 2018

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Multi‐model analysis of climate impacts on plant photosynthesis in China during 2000–2015
journal, June 2019

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The rise of South–South trade and its effect on global CO2 emissions
journal, May 2018


Using multi-source data from lidar, radar, imaging spectroscopy, and national forest inventories to simulate forest carbon fluxes
journal, June 2017


The Carbon Dioxide Removal Model Intercomparison Project (CDRMIP): rationale and experimental protocol for CMIP6
journal, January 2018

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Historical deforestation locally increased the intensity of hot days in northern mid-latitudes
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Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward
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Socio-economic factors and management regimes as drivers of tree cover change in Nepal
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Large but decreasing effect of ozone on the European carbon sink
journal, January 2018

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Rapid Changes in Anthropogenic Carbon Storage and Ocean Acidification in the Intermediate Layers of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean: 1996-2015
journal, September 2018

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Terrestrial biospheric and oceanic CO2 uptakes estimated from long-term measurements of atmospheric CO2 mole fraction, δ13C, and δ(O2/N2) at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard
journal, May 2017

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Seasonal Asymmetry in the Evolution of Surface Ocean p CO 2 and pH Thermodynamic Drivers and the Influence on Sea‐Air CO 2 Flux
journal, October 2018

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Enhanced rock weathering: biological climate change mitigation with co-benefits for food security?
journal, April 2017


A stable climate or economic growth?
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Globally rising soil heterotrophic respiration over recent decades
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Response to Comments on “The global tree restoration potential”
journal, October 2019

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Weighing trees with lasers: advances, challenges and opportunities
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Different response of surface temperature and air temperature to deforestation in climate models
journal, October 2018

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Uncertainty in projected climate change arising from uncertain fossil-fuel emission factors
journal, March 2018


Response of extrafloral nectar production to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide
journal, January 2018

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The tropical forest carbon cycle and climate change
journal, July 2018


Multidimensional risk in a nonstationary climate: Joint probability of increasingly severe warm and dry conditions
journal, November 2018

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Relationship of forest biomass carbon with biophysical parameters in north Kashmir region of Himalayas
journal, August 2019

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Detection of fossil fuel emission trends in the presence of natural carbon cycle variability
journal, August 2019

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Net CO2 fossil fuel emissions of Tokyo estimated directly from measurements of the Tsukuba TCCON site and radiosondes
journal, January 2020

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China's “Exported Carbon” Peak: Patterns, Drivers, and Implications
journal, May 2018

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Strengthening seasonal marine CO2 variations due to increasing atmospheric CO2
journal, January 2018

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Filtration artefacts in bacterial community composition can affect the outcome of dissolved organic matter biolability assays
journal, January 2018

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Pathways to 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming based on observational and geological constraints
journal, January 2018

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Addressing calcium carbonate cycling in blue carbon accounting: Addressing CaCO 3 cycling in blue CO 2 accounting
journal, October 2017

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Recent increase in surface fCO2 in the western subtropical North Pacific
journal, May 2017


Importance of disturbance history on net primary productivity in the world's most productive forests and implications for the global carbon cycle
journal, May 2018

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Terrestrial carbon inputs to inland waters: A current synthesis of estimates and uncertainty: Terrestrial carbon inputs to inland waters
journal, November 2017

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Groundwater‐Derived DIC and Carbonate Buffering Enhance Fluvial CO 2 Evasion in Two Australian Tropical Rivers
journal, February 2019

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Terrestrial evaporation response to modes of climate variability
journal, November 2018

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Model structures amplify uncertainty in predicted soil carbon responses to climate change
journal, June 2018


Uncovering mechanisms of global ocean change effects on the Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) through metabolomics analysis
journal, July 2019


Quantification of ocean heat uptake from changes in atmospheric O2 and CO2 composition
journal, October 2018


Where is the residual terrestrial carbon sink?
journal, June 2018

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Land use and land cover changes in Doume Communal Forest in eastern Cameroon: implications for conservation and sustainable management
journal, September 2019

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Biophysics and vegetation cover change: a process-based evaluation framework for confronting land surface models with satellite observations
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Beyond respiration: Controls on lateral carbon fluxes across the terrestrial-aquatic interface: Controls on lateral carbon fluxes
journal, February 2018

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Pacific Anthropogenic Carbon Between 1991 and 2017
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Adjusting Mitigation Pathways to Stabilize Climate at 1.5°C and 2.0°C Rise in Global Temperatures to Year 2300
journal, March 2018

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Computation and analysis of atmospheric carbon dioxide annual mean growth rates from satellite observations during 2003–2016
journal, January 2018

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Rightsizing carbon dioxide removal
journal, May 2017


Mare Incognitum: A Glimpse into Future Plankton Diversity and Ecology Research
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Greenhouse gas emissions from lakes and impoundments: Upscaling in the face of global change: GHG emissions from lakes and impoundments
journal, March 2018

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The political economy of negative emissions technologies: consequences for international policy design
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Largely underestimated carbon emission from land use and land cover change in the conterminous United States
journal, August 2019

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How does the terrestrial carbon exchange respond to inter-annual climatic variations? A quantification based on atmospheric CO 2 data
journal, January 2018

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Trade-Offs in Multi-Purpose Land Use under Land Degradation
journal, November 2017

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Representing anthropogenic gross land use change, wood harvest, and forest age dynamics in a global vegetation model ORCHIDEE-MICT v8.4.2
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ESD Reviews: Climate feedbacks in the Earth system and prospects for their evaluation
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The impact of spatiotemporal variability in atmospheric CO2 concentration on global terrestrial carbon fluxes
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Greening of the land surface in the world’s cold regions consistent with recent warming
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Global land change from 1982 to 2016
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Poverty eradication in a carbon constrained world
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Poverty eradication in a carbon constrained world
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CTDAS-Lagrange v1.0: A high-resolution data assimilation system for regional carbon dioxide observations
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1.5 °C carbon budget dependent on carbon cycle uncertainty and future non-CO2 forcing
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Role of Local Air‐Sea Interaction in Fire Activity Over Equatorial Asia
journal, December 2019

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Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide variability at Aigüestortes, Central Pyrenees, Spain
journal, December 2018

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The Accelerating Land Carbon Sink of the 2000s May Not Be Driven Predominantly by the Warming Hiatus
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The many possible climates from the Paris Agreement’s aim of 1.5 °C warming
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Gross and net land cover changes in the main plant functional types derived from the annual ESA CCI land cover maps (1992–2015)
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Toxic algal bloom induced by ocean acidification disrupts the pelagic food web
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Scaling‐up biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning research
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Biotic and Abiotic Drivers of Topsoil Organic Carbon Concentration in Drylands Have Similar Effects at Regional and Global Scales
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Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report
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Assessing the role of megafauna in tropical forest ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles - the potential of vegetation models
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Climate, ecosystems, and planetary futures: The challenge to predict life in Earth system models
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Activation of cement hydration with carbon dioxide
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The transition in energy demand sectors to limit global warming to 1.5 °C
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Soil Respiration and Biogenic Carbon Dioxide Sink in the Territory of Russia: An Analytical Review
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The Marine CO2 System and Its Peculiarities in the Baltic Sea
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Exploring the Potential of Satellite Solar-Induced Fluorescence to Constrain Global Transpiration Estimates
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The impact of Earth system feedbacks on carbon budgets and climate response
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Enhanced rock weathering: biological climate change mitigation with co-benefits for food security?
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Elevated CO 2 does not stimulate carbon sink in a semi-arid grassland
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Reduction in global area burned and wildfire emissions since 1930s enhances carbon uptake by land
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Key indicators to track current progress and future ambition of the Paris Agreement
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Warning signs for stabilizing global CO 2 emissions
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Implementing the nitrogen cycle into the dynamic global vegetation, hydrology, and crop growth model LPJmL (version 5.0)
journal, January 2018

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Meeting climate targets by direct CO2 injections: what price would the ocean have to pay?
journal, January 2019

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Global soil organic carbon removal by water erosion under climate change and land use change during AD 1850–2005
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Drivers of leaf carbon exchange capacity across biomes at the continental scale
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Land cover change and carbon stores in a tropical montane cloud forest in the Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico
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The Effects of Solar Radiation Management on the Carbon Cycle
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Estimating water–food–ecosystem trade-offs for the global negative emission scenario (IPCC-RCP2.6)
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Committed emissions from existing and planned power plants and asset stranding required to meet the Paris Agreement
journal, May 2018

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The growing role of methane in anthropogenic climate change
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Changes to the Air‐Sea Flux and Distribution of Radiocarbon in the Ocean Over the 21st Century
journal, June 2018

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Calculating surface ocean pCO 2 from biogeochemical Argo floats equipped with pH: An uncertainty analysis : Calculating Ocean pCO
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The mark of vegetation change on Earth’s surface energy balance
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Vegetation anomalies caused by antecedent precipitation in most of the world
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Revision of global carbon fluxes based on a reassessment of oceanic and riverine carbon transport
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Factors regulating carbon sinks in mangrove ecosystems
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Analytically tractable climate–carbon cycle feedbacks under 21st century anthropogenic forcing
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Coastal morphology explains global blue carbon distributions
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The importance of forest structure for carbon fluxes of the Amazon rainforest
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Simulating the recent impacts of multiple biotic disturbances on forest carbon cycling across the United States
journal, December 2017

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Risk‐sensitive planning for conserving coral reefs under rapid climate change
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A global moderate resolution dataset of gross primary production of vegetation for 2000–2016
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Sun-induced fluorescence and gross primary productivity during a heat wave
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Wetlands In a Changing Climate: Science, Policy and Management
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North China Plain threatened by deadly heatwaves due to climate change and irrigation
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Global Carbon Budget 2018
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Microbial dormancy improves predictability of soil respiration at the seasonal time scale
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Inorganic carbon and water masses in the Irminger Sea since 1991
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Global patterns in fine root decomposition: climate, chemistry, mycorrhizal association and woodiness
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EDGAR v4.3.2 Global Atlas of the three major greenhouse gas emissions for the period 1970–2012
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Connected macroalgal‐sediment systems: blue carbon and food webs in the deep coastal ocean
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Long‐Term and Seasonal Trends in Estuarine and Coastal Carbonate Systems
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Modelling carbon stock and carbon sequestration ecosystem services for policy design: a comprehensive approach using a dynamic vegetation model
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Long-term pattern and magnitude of soil carbon feedback to the climate system in a warming world
journal, October 2017


The effect of Indian summer monsoon on the seasonal variation of carbon sequestration by a forest ecosystem over North-East India
journal, January 2020

  • Deb Burman, Pramit Kumar; Sarma, Dipankar; Chakraborty, Supriyo
  • SN Applied Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue 2
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Large‐Scale Droughts Responsible for Dramatic Reductions of Terrestrial Net Carbon Uptake Over North America in 2011 and 2012
journal, July 2018

  • He, Wei; Ju, Weimin; Schwalm, Christopher R.
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 123, Issue 7
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On the need for regional climate information over Africa under varying levels of global warming
journal, June 2018


Global atmospheric CO 2 inverse models converging on neutral tropical land exchange, but disagreeing on fossil fuel and atmospheric growth rate
journal, January 2019

  • Gaubert, Benjamin; Stephens, Britton B.; Basu, Sourish
  • Biogeosciences, Vol. 16, Issue 1
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The gathering firestorm in southern Amazonia
journal, January 2020

  • Brando, P. M.; Soares-Filho, B.; Rodrigues, L.
  • Science Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 2
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Quantifying the impacts of defaunation on natural forest regeneration in a global meta-analysis
journal, October 2019

  • Gardner, Charlie J.; Bicknell, Jake E.; Baldwin-Cantello, William
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
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A Bayesian ensemble data assimilation to constrain model parameters and land-use carbon emissions
text, January 2018


Pacific Anthropogenic Carbon Between 1991 and 2017
journal, May 2019

  • Carter, B. R.; Feely, R. A.; Wanninkhof, R.
  • Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 33, Issue 5
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Eutrophication will increase methane emissions from lakes and impoundments during the 21st century
journal, March 2019


Changes in vegetation phenology are not reflected in atmospheric CO 2 and 13 C/ 12 C seasonality
journal, February 2017

  • Gonsamo, Alemu; D'Odorico, Petra; Chen, Jing M.
  • Global Change Biology, Vol. 23, Issue 10
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Global forest carbon uptake due to nitrogen and phosphorus deposition from 1850 to 2100
journal, June 2017

  • Wang, Rong; Goll, Daniel; Balkanski, Yves
  • Global Change Biology, Vol. 23, Issue 11
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Ocean Acidification Regulates the Activity, Community Structure, and Functional Potential of Heterotrophic Bacterioplankton in an Oligotrophic Gyre
journal, April 2019

  • Xia, Xiaomin; Wang, Yu; Yang, Yunlan
  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 124, Issue 4
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Monitoring Deforestation in Rainforests Using Satellite Data: A Pilot Study from Kalimantan, Indonesia
journal, July 2018

  • Hadi, ; Krasovskii, Andrey; Maus, Victor
  • Forests, Vol. 9, Issue 7, p. 389
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Focus on cumulative emissions, global carbon budgets and the implications for climate mitigation targets
journal, December 2017

  • Matthews, H. Damon; Zickfeld, Kirsten; Knutti, Reto
  • Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 1
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Planetary boundaries for a blue planet
journal, October 2017

  • Nash, Kirsty L.; Cvitanovic, Christopher; Fulton, Elizabeth A.
  • Nature Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 1, Issue 11
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Mathematical Methods in the Earth and Environmental Sciences
book, January 2019


Zero carbon energy system pathways for Ireland consistent with the Paris Agreement
journal, April 2018


Technologically achievable soil organic carbon sequestration in world croplands and grasslands
journal, November 2018

  • Batjes, Niels H.
  • Land Degradation & Development, Vol. 30, Issue 1
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Plant carbon metabolism and climate change: elevated CO 2 and temperature impacts on photosynthesis, photorespiration and respiration
journal, July 2018

  • Dusenge, Mirindi Eric; Duarte, André Galvao; Way, Danielle A.
  • New Phytologist, Vol. 221, Issue 1
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The utility of the historical record for assessing the transient climate response to cumulative emissions
journal, April 2018

  • Millar, Richard J.; Friedlingstein, Pierre
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Microbial dormancy improves predictability of soil respiration at the seasonal time scale
journal, October 2018

  • Salazar, A.; Lennon, J. T.; Dukes, J. S.
  • Biogeochemistry
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Important role of forest disturbances in the global biomass turnover and carbon sinks
journal, August 2019


Towards Estimating Land Evaporation at Field Scales Using GLEAM
journal, October 2018

  • Martens, Brecht; de Jeu, Richard; Verhoest, Niko
  • Remote Sensing, Vol. 10, Issue 11
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Potential improvements in global carbon flux estimates from a network of laser heterodyne radiometer measurements of column carbon dioxide
journal, January 2019

  • Palmer, Paul I.; Wilson, Emily L.; L. Villanueva, Geronimo
  • Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 12, Issue 4
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Towards defining an environmental investment universe within planetary boundaries
journal, May 2018


Representation of fire, land-use change and vegetation dynamics in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator vn4.9 (JULES)
journal, January 2019

  • Burton, Chantelle; Betts, Richard; Cardoso, Manoel
  • Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 1
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Bottom Water Acidification and Warming on the Western Eurasian Arctic Shelves: Dynamical Downscaling Projections: SHELF BOTTOM ACIDIFICATION IN THE ARCTIC
journal, October 2017

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  • Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 122, Issue 10
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Characterizing uncertainties in the ESA-CCI land cover map of the epoch 2010 and their impacts on MPI-ESM climate simulations
journal, November 2018

  • Georgievski, Goran; Hagemann, Stefan
  • Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Vol. 137, Issue 1-2
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Lower land-use emissions responsible for increased net land carbon sink during the slow warming period
journal, August 2018


Monitoring NDVI Inter-Annual Behavior in Mountain Areas of Mainland Spain (2001–2016)
journal, November 2018

  • Arrogante-Funes, Patricia; Novillo, Carlos; Romero-Calcerrada, Raúl
  • Sustainability, Vol. 10, Issue 12
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Altered trends in carbon uptake in China's terrestrial ecosystems under the enhanced summer monsoon and warming hiatus
journal, February 2019

  • He, Honglin; Wang, Shaoqiang; Zhang, Li
  • National Science Review, Vol. 6, Issue 3
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Energy and Environmental Aspects of Using Eucalyptus from Brazil for Energy and Transportation Services in Europe
journal, November 2018

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  • Sustainability, Vol. 10, Issue 11
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The NASA Carbon Airborne Flux Experiment (CARAFE): instrumentation and methodology
journal, January 2018

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  • Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 11, Issue 3
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Seasonal time-course of the above ground biomass production efficiency in beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.)
journal, March 2018

  • Heid, Laura; Calvaruso, Christophe; Andrianantenaina, Anjy
  • Annals of Forest Science, Vol. 75, Issue 1
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Study on Adsorption Mechanism and Failure Characteristics of CO2 Adsorption by Potassium-Based Adsorbents with Different Supports
journal, November 2018

  • Fan, Bao-guo; Jia, Li; Wang, Yan-lin
  • Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 12
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Focus on negative emissions
journal, November 2017

  • Jackson, R. B.; Canadell, J. G.; Fuss, S.
  • Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 11
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Residual fossil CO2 emissions in 1.5–2 °C pathways
journal, June 2018


High‐Frequency Variability of Small‐Particle Carbon Export Flux in the Northeast Atlantic
journal, December 2018

  • Bol, Roséanne; Henson, Stephanie A.; Rumyantseva, Anna
  • Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 32, Issue 12
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21st-century modeled permafrost carbon emissions accelerated by abrupt thaw beneath lakes
journal, August 2018

  • Walter Anthony, Katey; Schneider von Deimling, Thomas; Nitze, Ingmar
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1
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Shifting from a fertilization-dominated to a warming-dominated period
journal, September 2017

  • Peñuelas, Josep; Ciais, Philippe; Canadell, Josep G.
  • Nature Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 1, Issue 10
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The Silurian hypothesis: would it be possible to detect an industrial civilization in the geological record?
journal, April 2018


Variability of nutrients and carbon dioxide in the Antarctic Intermediate Water between 1990 and 2014
journal, February 2018

  • Panassa, Essowè; Santana-Casiano, J. Magdalena; González-Dávila, Melchor
  • Ocean Dynamics, Vol. 68, Issue 3
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Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report
journal, August 2018

  • von Schuckmann, Karina; Le Traon, Pierre-Yves; Smith, Neville
  • Journal of Operational Oceanography, Vol. 11, Issue sup1
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21st-century modeled permafrost carbon emissions accelerated by abrupt thaw beneath lakes
journal, August 2018

  • Walter Anthony, Katey; Schneider von Deimling, Thomas; Nitze, Ingmar
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1
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A successful prediction of the record CO 2 rise associated with the 2015/2016 El Niño
journal, October 2018

  • Betts, Richard A.; Jones, Chris D.; Knight, Jeff. R.
  • Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 373, Issue 1760
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The rise of South–South trade and its effect on global CO2 emissions
journal, May 2018


Eutrophication will increase methane emissions from lakes and impoundments during the 21st century
journal, March 2019


Uncertainty Quantification of Extratropical Forest Biomass in CMIP5 Models over the Northern Hemisphere
journal, July 2018


Towards defining an environmental investment universe within planetary boundaries
journal, May 2018


Tracking the Spatial–Temporal Evolution of Carbon Emissions in China from 1999 to 2015: A Land Use Perspective
journal, August 2019

  • Wang, Li; Pei, Jie; Geng, Jing
  • Sustainability, Vol. 11, Issue 17
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FAIR v1.3: a simple emissions-based impulse response and carbon cycle model
journal, January 2018

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  • Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 6
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The whole-soil carbon flux in response to warming
journal, March 2017


Coastal ocean acidification and increasing total alkalinity in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea
journal, January 2017

  • Kapsenberg, Lydia; Alliouane, Samir; Gazeau, Frédéric
  • Ocean Science, Vol. 13, Issue 3
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Dry Reforming of Ethanol and Glycerol: Mini-Review
journal, December 2019

  • Yu, Jie; Odriozola, José A.; Reina, Tomas R.
  • Catalysts, Vol. 9, Issue 12
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Trends of the EU’s territorial and consumption-based emissions from 1990 to 2016
journal, October 2018


China's “Exported Carbon” Peak: Patterns, Drivers, and Implications
text, January 2018

  • Mi, Z.; Meng, Jing; Green, F.
  • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
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Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake: an improved multiyear estimate of the air–sea CO2 flux incorporating chlorophyll a concentrations
journal, January 2018


Poverty eradication in a carbon constrained world
journal, October 2017


Comparison of Regional Simulation of Biospheric CO2 Flux from the Updated Version of CarbonTracker Asia with FLUXCOM and Other Inversions over Asia
journal, January 2020

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Detection of Spatiotemporal Extreme Changes in Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Based on Satellite Observations
journal, May 2018

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Historical deforestation locally increased the intensity of hot days in northern mid-latitudes
journal, April 2018

  • Lejeune, Quentin; Davin, Edouard L.; Gudmundsson, Lukas
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Carbon dynamics and CO2 and CH4 outgassing in the Mekong delta
journal, January 2018

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Uncovering mechanisms of global ocean change effects on the Dungeness crab ( Cancer magister ) through metabolomics analysis
journal, March 2019

  • Trigg, Shelly A.; McElhany, Paul; Maher, Michael
  • Scientific Reports
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Assessment of Autonomous pH Measurements for Determining Surface Seawater Partial Pressure of CO 2
journal, June 2018

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Bionics and green technology in maritime shipping: an assessment of the effect of Salvinia air-layer hull coatings for drag and fuel reduction
journal, December 2018

  • Busch, J.; Barthlott, W.; Brede, M.
  • Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 377, Issue 2138
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Temporal Scaling of Carbon Emission and Accumulation Rates: Modern Anthropogenic Emissions Compared to Estimates of PETM Onset Accumulation
journal, March 2019

  • Gingerich, Philip D.
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Diagnosing spatial error structures in CO2 mole fractions and XCO2 column mole fractions from atmospheric transport
journal, January 2019

  • Lauvaux, Thomas; Díaz-Isaac, Liza I.; Bocquet, Marc
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Recent NDVI Trends in Mainland Spain: Land-Cover and Phytoclimatic-Type Implications
journal, January 2019

  • Novillo, Carlos; Arrogante-Funes, Patricia; Romero-Calcerrada, Raúl
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Sea Ice Meltwater and Circumpolar Deep Water Drive Contrasting Productivity in Three Antarctic Polynyas
journal, May 2019

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Limits to agricultural land for retaining acceptable levels of local biodiversity
journal, June 2019

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  • Nature Sustainability, Vol. 2, Issue 6
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Environmental drivers of forest structure and stem turnover across Venezuelan tropical forests
journal, June 2018


Detecting drought impact on terrestrial biosphere carbon fluxes over contiguous US with satellite observations
journal, September 2018

  • Liu, Junjie; Bowman, Kevin; Parazoo, Nicholas C.
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Five decades of northern land carbon uptake revealed by the interhemispheric CO2 gradient
journal, April 2019


Precipitation thresholds regulate net carbon exchange at the continental scale
journal, September 2018