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Title: Six months of multiwavelength follow-up of the tidal disruption candidate ASASSN-14li and implied TDE rates from ASAS-SN

Abstract

In this paper, we present ground-based and Swift photometric and spectroscopic observations of the candidate tidal disruption event (TDE) ASASSN-14li, found at the centre of PGC 043234 (d ≃ 90 Mpc) by the All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN). The source had a peak bolometric luminosity of L ≃ 1044 erg s-1 and a total integrated energy of E ≃ 7 × 1050 erg radiated over the ~6 months of observations presented. The UV/optical emission of the source is well fitted by a blackbody with roughly constant temperature of T ~ 35 000 K, while the luminosity declines by roughly a factor of 16 over this time. The optical/UV luminosity decline is broadly consistent with an exponential decline, L∝e-t/t0, with t0 ≃ 60 d. ASASSN-14li also exhibits soft X-ray emission comparable in luminosity to the optical and UV emission but declining at a slower rate, and the X-ray emission now dominates. Spectra of the source show broad Balmer and helium lines in emission as well as strong blue continuum emission at all epochs. Finally, we use the discoveries of ASASSN-14li and ASASSN-14ae to estimate the TDE rate implied by ASAS-SN, finding an average rate of r ≃ 4.1 × 10-5more » yr-1 per galaxy with a 90 per cent confidence interval of (2.2–17.0) × 10-5 yr-1 per galaxy. ASAS-SN found roughly 1 TDE for every 70 Type Ia supernovae in 2014, a rate that is much higher than that of other surveys.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [2];  [1];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [10];  [11];  [11];  [3];  [3];  [3];  [3];  [12];  [6] more »;  [12];  [1];  [13];  [14];  [15] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States). Dept. of Astronomy. Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics (CCAPP)
  2. Diego Portales Univ., Santiago (Chile). Dept. of Astronomy; Millennium Inst. of Astrophysics, Santiago (Chile)
  3. Peking Univ., Beijing (China). Kavli Inst. for Astronomy and Astrophysics
  4. Carnegie Observatories, Pasadena, CA (United States)
  5. Morehead State Univ., Morehead, KY (United States). Dept. of Earth and Space Science
  6. The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States). Dept. of Astronomy
  7. The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States). Dept. of Astronomy; Grove City High School, OH (United States)
  8. The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States). Dept. of Astronomy. Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics (CCAPP). Dept. of Physics
  9. Liverpool John Moores Univ. (United Kingdom). Astrophysics Research Inst.
  10. Coral Towers Observatory, Cairns, QLD (Australia)
  11. Whipple Observatory, Amado, AZ (United States)
  12. Warsaw Univ. Astronomical Observatory (Poland)
  13. Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
  14. The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States). Dept. of Astronomy; Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States). LBT Observatory
  15. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC)
Contributing Org.:
Diego Portales Univ., Santiago (Chile); Peking Univ., Beijing (China); Morehead State Univ., Morehead, KY (United States); Liverpool John Moores Univ. (United Kingdom); Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (United States)
OSTI Identifier:
1329874
Report Number(s):
LA-UR-15-24845
Journal ID: ISSN 0035-8711
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC52-06NA25396; FG02-97ER25308
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 455; Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 0035-8711
Publisher:
Royal Astronomical Society
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; astronomy and astrophysics; accretion; accretion discs; black hole physics; galaxies; nuclei

Citation Formats

Holoien, Thomas W. -S., Kochanek, C. S., Prieto, J. L., Stanek, K. Z., Dong, Subo, Shappee, B. J., Grupe, D., Brown, J. S., Basu, U., Beacom, J. F., Bersier, D., Brimacombe, J., Danilet, A. B., Falco, E., Guo, Z., Jose, J., Herczeg, G. J., Long, F., Pojmanski, G., Simonian, G. V., Szczygieł, D. M., Thompson, T. A., Thorstensen, J. R., Wagner, R. M., and Woźniak, Przemyslaw R. Six months of multiwavelength follow-up of the tidal disruption candidate ASASSN-14li and implied TDE rates from ASAS-SN. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2486.
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Holoien, Thomas W. -S., Kochanek, C. S., Prieto, J. L., Stanek, K. Z., Dong, Subo, Shappee, B. J., Grupe, D., Brown, J. S., Basu, U., Beacom, J. F., Bersier, D., Brimacombe, J., Danilet, A. B., Falco, E., Guo, Z., Jose, J., Herczeg, G. J., Long, F., Pojmanski, G., Simonian, G. V., Szczygieł, D. M., Thompson, T. A., Thorstensen, J. R., Wagner, R. M., & Woźniak, Przemyslaw R. Six months of multiwavelength follow-up of the tidal disruption candidate ASASSN-14li and implied TDE rates from ASAS-SN. United States. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2486
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Holoien, Thomas W. -S., Kochanek, C. S., Prieto, J. L., Stanek, K. Z., Dong, Subo, Shappee, B. J., Grupe, D., Brown, J. S., Basu, U., Beacom, J. F., Bersier, D., Brimacombe, J., Danilet, A. B., Falco, E., Guo, Z., Jose, J., Herczeg, G. J., Long, F., Pojmanski, G., Simonian, G. V., Szczygieł, D. M., Thompson, T. A., Thorstensen, J. R., Wagner, R. M., and Woźniak, Przemyslaw R. Wed . "Six months of multiwavelength follow-up of the tidal disruption candidate ASASSN-14li and implied TDE rates from ASAS-SN". United States. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2486. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1329874.
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@article{osti_1329874,
title = {Six months of multiwavelength follow-up of the tidal disruption candidate ASASSN-14li and implied TDE rates from ASAS-SN},
author = {Holoien, Thomas W. -S. and Kochanek, C. S. and Prieto, J. L. and Stanek, K. Z. and Dong, Subo and Shappee, B. J. and Grupe, D. and Brown, J. S. and Basu, U. and Beacom, J. F. and Bersier, D. and Brimacombe, J. and Danilet, A. B. and Falco, E. and Guo, Z. and Jose, J. and Herczeg, G. J. and Long, F. and Pojmanski, G. and Simonian, G. V. and Szczygieł, D. M. and Thompson, T. A. and Thorstensen, J. R. and Wagner, R. M. and Woźniak, Przemyslaw R.},
abstractNote = {In this paper, we present ground-based and Swift photometric and spectroscopic observations of the candidate tidal disruption event (TDE) ASASSN-14li, found at the centre of PGC 043234 (d ≃ 90 Mpc) by the All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN). The source had a peak bolometric luminosity of L ≃ 1044 erg s-1 and a total integrated energy of E ≃ 7 × 1050 erg radiated over the ~6 months of observations presented. The UV/optical emission of the source is well fitted by a blackbody with roughly constant temperature of T ~ 35 000 K, while the luminosity declines by roughly a factor of 16 over this time. The optical/UV luminosity decline is broadly consistent with an exponential decline, L∝e-t/t0, with t0 ≃ 60 d. ASASSN-14li also exhibits soft X-ray emission comparable in luminosity to the optical and UV emission but declining at a slower rate, and the X-ray emission now dominates. Spectra of the source show broad Balmer and helium lines in emission as well as strong blue continuum emission at all epochs. Finally, we use the discoveries of ASASSN-14li and ASASSN-14ae to estimate the TDE rate implied by ASAS-SN, finding an average rate of r ≃ 4.1 × 10-5 yr-1 per galaxy with a 90 per cent confidence interval of (2.2–17.0) × 10-5 yr-1 per galaxy. ASAS-SN found roughly 1 TDE for every 70 Type Ia supernovae in 2014, a rate that is much higher than that of other surveys.},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/stv2486},
journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
number = 3,
volume = 455,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Nov 25 00:00:00 EST 2015},
month = {Wed Nov 25 00:00:00 EST 2015}
}
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    • Onori, F.; Cannizzaro, G.; Jonker, P. G.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 489, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2053

    Self-intersection of the fallback stream in tidal disruption events
    journal, December 2019

    • Lu, Wenbin; Bonnerot, Clément
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 492, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz3405

    The ASAS-SN catalogue of variable stars III: variables in the southern TESS continuous viewing zone
    journal, February 2019

    • Jayasinghe, T.; Stanek, K. Z.; Kochanek, C. S.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 485, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz444

    A loud quasi-periodic oscillation after a star is disrupted by a massive black hole
    journal, January 2019

    • Pasham, Dheeraj R.; Remillard, Ronald A.; Fragile, P. Chris
    • Science, Vol. 363, Issue 6426
    • DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7480

    The Post-starburst Evolution of Tidal Disruption Event Host Galaxies
    journal, January 2017

    X-Rays from the Location of the Double-humped Transient ASASSN-15lh
    journal, February 2017

    New Physical Insights about Tidal Disruption Events from a Comprehensive Observational Inventory at X-Ray Wavelengths
    journal, April 2017

    • Auchettl, Katie; Guillochon, James; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 838, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa633b

    Revisiting Optical Tidal Disruption Events with iPTF16axa
    journal, June 2017

    iPTF16fnl: A Faint and Fast Tidal Disruption Event in an E+A Galaxy
    journal, July 2017

    PS16dtm: A Tidal Disruption Event in a Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxy
    journal, July 2017

    Periodic Accretion-powered Flares from Colliding EMRIs as TDE Imposters
    journal, July 2017

    A Comparison of the X-Ray Emission from Tidal Disruption Events with those of Active Galactic Nuclei
    journal, January 2018

    • Auchettl, Katie; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico; Guillochon, James
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 852, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa9b7c

    A Dependence of the Tidal Disruption Event Rate on Global Stellar Surface Mass Density and Stellar Velocity Dispersion
    journal, January 2018

    • Graur, Or; French, K. Decker; Zahid, H. Jabran
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 853, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaa3fd

    What Sets the Line Profiles in Tidal Disruption Events?
    journal, March 2018

    Tidal Disruptions of Main-sequence Stars of Varying Mass and Age: Inferences from the Composition of the Fallback Material
    journal, April 2018

    • Gallegos-Garcia, Monica; Law-Smith, Jamie; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 857, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aab5b8

    A Candidate Tidal Disruption Event in a Quasar at z = 2.359 from Abundance Ratio Variability
    journal, May 2018

    On the Missing Energy Puzzle of Tidal Disruption Events
    journal, September 2018

    Revealing Dusty Supernovae in High-redshift (Ultra)Luminous Infrared Galaxies through Near-infrared Integrated Light Variability
    journal, October 2018

    Weighing Black Holes Using Tidal Disruption Events
    journal, February 2019

    • Mockler, Brenna; Guillochon, James; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 872, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab010f

    The Broad Absorption Line Tidal Disruption Event iPTF15af: Optical and Ultraviolet Evolution
    journal, March 2019

    • Blagorodnova, N.; Cenko, S. B.; Kulkarni, S. R.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 873, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab04b0

    Rapid “Turn-on” of Type-1 AGN in a Quiescent Early-type Galaxy SDSS1115+0544
    journal, March 2019

    The Largest M Dwarf Flares from ASAS-SN
    journal, May 2019

    • Schmidt, Sarah J.; Shappee, Benjamin J.; van Saders, Jennifer L.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 876, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab148d

    Late-time UV Observations of Tidal Disruption Flares Reveal Unobscured, Compact Accretion Disks
    journal, June 2019

    • van Velzen, Sjoert; Stone, Nicholas C.; Metzger, Brian D.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 878, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab1844

    Discovery of Highly Blueshifted Broad Balmer and Metastable Helium Absorption Lines in a Tidal Disruption Event
    journal, July 2019

    The Spectral Evolution of AT 2018dyb and the Presence of Metal Lines in Tidal Disruption Events
    journal, December 2019

    • Leloudas, Giorgos; Dai, Lixin; Arcavi, Iair
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab5792

    Implications from Late-time X-Ray Detections of Optically Selected Tidal Disruption Events: State Changes, Unification, and Detection Rates
    journal, February 2020

    Sifting for Sapphires: Systematic Selection of Tidal Disruption Events in iPTF
    journal, September 2018

    • Hung, T.; Gezari, S.; Cenko, S. B.
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 238, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/aad8b1

    A Unified Model for Tidal Disruption Events
    journal, May 2018

    • Dai, Lixin; McKinney, Jonathan C.; Roth, Nathaniel
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 859, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aab429

    The All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) Light Curve Server v1.0
    journal, August 2017

    • Kochanek, C. S.; Shappee, B. J.; Stanek, K. Z.
    • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 129, Issue 980
    • DOI: 10.1088/1538-3873/aa80d9

    Tidal disruption event demographics
    journal, May 2016

    • Kochanek, C. S.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 461, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw1290

    Magnetohydrodynamical simulations of a deep tidal disruption in general relativity
    journal, March 2016

    • Sądowski, Aleksander; Tejeda, Emilio; Gafton, Emanuel
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 458, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw589

    Tidal disruptions by rotating black holes: relativistic hydrodynamics with Newtonian codes
    journal, May 2017

    • Tejeda, Emilio; Gafton, Emanuel; Rosswog, Stephan
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 469, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx1089

    Stellar disruption events support the existence of the black hole event horizon
    journal, March 2017

    • Lu, Wenbin; Kumar, Pawan; Narayan, Ramesh
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 468, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx542

    An overabundance of black hole X-ray binaries in the Galactic Centre from tidal captures
    journal, May 2018

    • Generozov, A.; Stone, N. C.; Metzger, B. D.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 478, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty1262

    The unusual late-time evolution of the tidal disruption event ASASSN-15oi
    journal, August 2018

    • Holoien, T. W-S; Brown, J. S.; Auchettl, K.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 480, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty2273

    The relative specific Type Ia supernovae rate from three years of ASAS-SN
    journal, January 2019

    • Brown, J. S.; Stanek, K. Z.; Holoien, T. W-S
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz258

    The ASAS-SN catalogue of variable stars – V. Variables in the Southern hemisphere
    journal, September 2019

    • Jayasinghe, T.; Stanek, K. Z.; Kochanek, C. S.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 491, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2711

    Gaia17biu/SN 2017egm in NGC 3191: The Closest Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernova to Date Is in a “Normal,” Massive, Metal-rich Spiral Galaxy
    journal, January 2018

    ASASSN-15nx: A Luminous Type II Supernova with a “Perfect” Linear Decline
    journal, July 2018

    A Luminous Transient Event in a Sample of WISE -selected Variable AGNs
    journal, October 2018

    PS18kh: A New Tidal Disruption Event with a Non-axisymmetric Accretion Disk
    journal, August 2019

    • Holoien, T. W. -S.; Huber, M. E.; Shappee, B. J.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab2ae1

    A New Class of Changing-look LINERs
    journal, September 2019

    • Frederick, Sara; Gezari, Suvi; Graham, Matthew J.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3a38

    Probing the Bardeen–Petterson Effect in Tidal Disruption Events with Spectral line Reverberation Mapping
    journal, October 2019

    Neutrino Emissions from Tidal Disruption Remnants
    journal, November 2019

    Radio emission from the unbound debris of tidal disruption events
    journal, June 2019

    • Yalinewich, A.; Steinberg, E.; Piran, T.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1567

    The supermassive black hole coincident with the luminous transient ASASSN-15lh
    text, January 2018

    • Krühler, T.; Fraser, M.; Leloudas, G.
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.25446

    High Energy Neutrinos from the Tidal Disruption of Stars
    text, January 2016

    Spectral features of tidal disruption candidates and alternative origins for such transient flares
    journal, November 2017

    • Saxton, Curtis J.; Perets, Hagai B.; Baskin, Alexei
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 474, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx2928

    Discovery and Early Evolution of ASASSN-19bt, the First TDE Detected by TESS
    journal, September 2019

    • Holoien, Thomas W. -S.; Vallely, Patrick J.; Auchettl, Katie
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3c66

    Tidal Disruption Events Prefer Unusual Host Galaxies
    text, January 2016

    The Post-Starburst Evolution of Tidal Disruption Event Host Galaxies
    text, January 2016

    A tidal disruption event in the nearby ultra-luminous infrared galaxy F01004-2237
    preprint, January 2017

    iPTF16fnl: a faint and fast tidal disruption event in an E+A galaxy
    text, January 2017

    Revisiting optical tidal disruption events with iPTF16axa
    text, January 2017

    PS16dtm: A Tidal Disruption Event in a Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxy
    text, January 2017

    Streams collision as possible precursor of double tidal disruption events
    text, January 2018

    A Luminous Transient Event in a Sample of WISE-Selected Variable AGN
    text, January 2018

    Late-time UV observations of tidal disruption flares reveal unobscured, compact accretion disks
    text, January 2018

    The Broad Absorption Line Tidal Disruption Event iPTF15af: Optical and Ultraviolet Evolution
    text, January 2018

    The ASAS-SN Catalog of Variable Stars V: Variables in the Southern Hemisphere
    text, January 2019

    Neutrino Emissions from Tidal Disruption Remnants
    text, January 2019

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