Beam tests of beampipe coatings for electron cloud mitigation in Fermilab Main Injector
Abstract
Electron cloud beam instabilities are an important consideration in virtually all high-energy particle accelerators and could pose a formidable challenge to forthcoming high-intensity accelerator upgrades. Dedicated tests have shown beampipe coatings dramatically reduce the density of electron cloud in particle accelerators. In this work, we evaluate the performance of titanium nitride, amorphous carbon, and diamond-like carbon as beampipe coatings for the mitigation of electron cloud in the Fermilab Main Injector. Altogether our tests represent 2700 ampere-hours of proton operation spanning five years. Three electron cloud detectors, retarding field analyzers, are installed in a straight section and allow a direct comparison between the electron flux in the coated and uncoated stainless steel beampipe. We characterize the electron flux as a function of intensity up to a maximum of 50 trillion protons per cycle. Each beampipe material conditions in response to electron bombardment from the electron cloud and we track the changes in these materials as a function of time and the number of absorbed electrons. Contamination from an unexpected vacuum leak revealed a potential vulnerability in the amorphous carbon beampipe coating. We measure the energy spectrum of electrons incident on the stainless steel, titanium nitride and amorphous carbon beampipes. We findmore »
- Authors:
-
- Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
- Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1253001
- Report Number(s):
- FERMILAB-PUB-15-366-AD-APC; arXiv:1507.07281
Journal ID: ISSN 0018-9499; 1385164
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-07CH11359
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 63; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 0018-9499
- Publisher:
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
Citation Formats
Backfish, Michael, Eldred, Jeffrey, Tan, Cheng Yang, and Zwaska, Robert. Beam tests of beampipe coatings for electron cloud mitigation in Fermilab Main Injector. United States: N. p., 2015.
Web. doi:10.1109/TNS.2015.2462018.
Backfish, Michael, Eldred, Jeffrey, Tan, Cheng Yang, & Zwaska, Robert. Beam tests of beampipe coatings for electron cloud mitigation in Fermilab Main Injector. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2015.2462018
Backfish, Michael, Eldred, Jeffrey, Tan, Cheng Yang, and Zwaska, Robert. Mon .
"Beam tests of beampipe coatings for electron cloud mitigation in Fermilab Main Injector". United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2015.2462018. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1253001.
@article{osti_1253001,
title = {Beam tests of beampipe coatings for electron cloud mitigation in Fermilab Main Injector},
author = {Backfish, Michael and Eldred, Jeffrey and Tan, Cheng Yang and Zwaska, Robert},
abstractNote = {Electron cloud beam instabilities are an important consideration in virtually all high-energy particle accelerators and could pose a formidable challenge to forthcoming high-intensity accelerator upgrades. Dedicated tests have shown beampipe coatings dramatically reduce the density of electron cloud in particle accelerators. In this work, we evaluate the performance of titanium nitride, amorphous carbon, and diamond-like carbon as beampipe coatings for the mitigation of electron cloud in the Fermilab Main Injector. Altogether our tests represent 2700 ampere-hours of proton operation spanning five years. Three electron cloud detectors, retarding field analyzers, are installed in a straight section and allow a direct comparison between the electron flux in the coated and uncoated stainless steel beampipe. We characterize the electron flux as a function of intensity up to a maximum of 50 trillion protons per cycle. Each beampipe material conditions in response to electron bombardment from the electron cloud and we track the changes in these materials as a function of time and the number of absorbed electrons. Contamination from an unexpected vacuum leak revealed a potential vulnerability in the amorphous carbon beampipe coating. We measure the energy spectrum of electrons incident on the stainless steel, titanium nitride and amorphous carbon beampipes. We find the electron cloud signal is highly sensitive to stray magnetic fields and bunch-length over the Main Injector ramp cycle. In conclusion, we conduct a complete survey of the stray magnetic fields at the test station and compare the electron cloud signal to that in a field-free region.},
doi = {10.1109/TNS.2015.2462018},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science},
number = 2,
volume = 63,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Oct 26 00:00:00 EDT 2015},
month = {Mon Oct 26 00:00:00 EDT 2015}
}
Web of Science