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Title: Flow-enhanced solution printing of all-polymer solar cells

Abstract

Morphology control of solution coated solar cell materials presents a key challenge limiting their device performance and commercial viability. Here we present a new concept for controlling phase separation during solution printing using an all-polymer bulk heterojunction solar cell as a model system. The key aspect of our method lies in the design of fluid flow using a microstructured printing blade, on the basis of the hypothesis of flow-induced polymer crystallization. Our flow design resulted in a similar to 90% increase in the donor thin film crystallinity and reduced microphase separated donor and acceptor domain sizes. The improved morphology enhanced all metrics of solar cell device performance across various printing conditions, specifically leading to higher short-circuit current, fill factor, open circuit voltage and significantly reduced device-to-device variation. However, we expect our design concept to have broad applications beyond all-polymer solar cells because of its simplicity and versatility.

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [2]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [3];  [2];  [4];  [2];  [2];  [1];  [2];  [5];  [1];  [4];  [6];  [7];  [1]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)
  2. Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)
  3. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
  4. Peking Univ., Beijing (China)
  5. Sungkyunkwan Univ. (SKKU), Suwon (Republic of Korea); Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)
  6. SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
  7. SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Dresden Univ. of Technology, Dresden (Germany)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC)
OSTI Identifier:
1238256
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC03-76SF00515
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Nature Communications
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 14 SOLAR ENERGY; chemical sciences; fluids and plasma physics; physical chemistry; materials science

Citation Formats

Diao, Ying, Zhou, Yan, Kurosawa, Tadanori, Shaw, Leo, Wang, Cheng, Park, Steve, Guo, Yikun, Reinspach, Julia A., Gu, Kevin, Gu, Xiaodan, Tee, Benjamin C. K., Pang, Changhyun, Yan, Hongping, Zhao, Dahui, Toney, Michael F., Mannsfeld, Stefan C. B., and Bao, Zhenan. Flow-enhanced solution printing of all-polymer solar cells. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1038/ncomms8955.
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Diao, Ying, Zhou, Yan, Kurosawa, Tadanori, Shaw, Leo, Wang, Cheng, Park, Steve, Guo, Yikun, Reinspach, Julia A., Gu, Kevin, Gu, Xiaodan, Tee, Benjamin C. K., Pang, Changhyun, Yan, Hongping, Zhao, Dahui, Toney, Michael F., Mannsfeld, Stefan C. B., & Bao, Zhenan. Flow-enhanced solution printing of all-polymer solar cells. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8955
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Diao, Ying, Zhou, Yan, Kurosawa, Tadanori, Shaw, Leo, Wang, Cheng, Park, Steve, Guo, Yikun, Reinspach, Julia A., Gu, Kevin, Gu, Xiaodan, Tee, Benjamin C. K., Pang, Changhyun, Yan, Hongping, Zhao, Dahui, Toney, Michael F., Mannsfeld, Stefan C. B., and Bao, Zhenan. Wed . "Flow-enhanced solution printing of all-polymer solar cells". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8955. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1238256.
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@article{osti_1238256,
title = {Flow-enhanced solution printing of all-polymer solar cells},
author = {Diao, Ying and Zhou, Yan and Kurosawa, Tadanori and Shaw, Leo and Wang, Cheng and Park, Steve and Guo, Yikun and Reinspach, Julia A. and Gu, Kevin and Gu, Xiaodan and Tee, Benjamin C. K. and Pang, Changhyun and Yan, Hongping and Zhao, Dahui and Toney, Michael F. and Mannsfeld, Stefan C. B. and Bao, Zhenan},
abstractNote = {Morphology control of solution coated solar cell materials presents a key challenge limiting their device performance and commercial viability. Here we present a new concept for controlling phase separation during solution printing using an all-polymer bulk heterojunction solar cell as a model system. The key aspect of our method lies in the design of fluid flow using a microstructured printing blade, on the basis of the hypothesis of flow-induced polymer crystallization. Our flow design resulted in a similar to 90% increase in the donor thin film crystallinity and reduced microphase separated donor and acceptor domain sizes. The improved morphology enhanced all metrics of solar cell device performance across various printing conditions, specifically leading to higher short-circuit current, fill factor, open circuit voltage and significantly reduced device-to-device variation. However, we expect our design concept to have broad applications beyond all-polymer solar cells because of its simplicity and versatility.},
doi = {10.1038/ncomms8955},
journal = {Nature Communications},
number = ,
volume = 6,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Aug 12 00:00:00 EDT 2015},
month = {Wed Aug 12 00:00:00 EDT 2015}
}
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Time-Resolved Structural Evolution of Additive-Processed Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
journal, February 2012

  • Rogers, James T.; Schmidt, Kristin; Toney, Michael F.
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Understanding Polymorphism in Organic Semiconductor Thin Films through Nanoconfinement
journal, November 2014

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From Convective Assembly to Landau−Levich Deposition of Multilayered Phospholipid Films of Controlled Thickness
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Mechanism for Stripe Pattern Formation on Hydrophilic Surfaces by Using Convective Self-Assembly
journal, July 2009

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  • Langmuir, Vol. 25, Issue 13
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Quantification of Thin Film Crystallographic Orientation Using X-ray Diffraction with an Area Detector
journal, June 2010

  • Baker, Jessy L.; Jimison, Leslie H.; Mannsfeld, Stefan
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Structure Development during Shear Flow-Induced Crystallization of i-PP:  In-Situ Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Study
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Nanomorphology of Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Thin Films Probed with Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering
journal, August 2010

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Molecular Order in High-Efficiency Polymer/Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
journal, September 2011

  • Hammond, Matthew R.; Kline, R. Joseph; Herzing, Andrew A.
  • ACS Nano, Vol. 5, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1021/nn202951e

Solution-processed small-molecule solar cells with 6.7% efficiency
journal, November 2011

  • Sun, Yanming; Welch, Gregory C.; Leong, Wei Lin
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 1, p. 44-48
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Flow induced crystallisation of polymers
journal, January 2014

Comparison of the device physics principles of planar and radial p-n junction nanorod solar cells
journal, June 2005

  • Kayes, Brendan M.; Atwater, Harry A.; Lewis, Nathan S.
  • Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 97, Issue 11, Article No. 114302
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.1901835

Soft x-ray scattering facility at the Advanced Light Source with real-time data processing and analysis
journal, April 2012

  • Gann, E.; Young, A. T.; Collins, B. A.
  • Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 83, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.3701831

Observation of Polymer Conformation Hysteresis in Extensional Flow
journal, September 2003

Phase Separation in Bulk Heterojunctions of Semiconducting Polymers and Fullerenes for Photovoltaics
journal, April 2014

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    A Vinylene-Bridged Perylenediimide-Based Polymeric Acceptor Enabling Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells Processed under Ambient Conditions
    journal, August 2016

    Surpassing 10% Efficiency Benchmark for Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells by Scalable Coating in Air from Single Nonhalogenated Solvent
    journal, January 2018

    Balanced Partnership between Donor and Acceptor Components in Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells with >12% Efficiency
    journal, March 2018

    • Lin, Yuze; Zhao, Fuwen; Prasad, Shyamal K. K.
    • Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 16
    • DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706363

    Achieving Balanced Crystallinity of Donor and Acceptor by Combining Blade-Coating and Ternary Strategies in Organic Solar Cells
    journal, October 2018

    High‐Performance All‐Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by an n‐Type Polymer Based on a Fluorinated Imide‐Functionalized Arene
    journal, February 2019

    • Sun, Huiliang; Tang, Yumin; Koh, Chang Woo
    • Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 15
    • DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807220

    Aggregation‐Induced Multilength Scaled Morphology Enabling 11.76% Efficiency in All‐Polymer Solar Cells Using Printing Fabrication
    journal, August 2019

    Conjugated Carbon Cyclic Nanorings as Additives for Intrinsically Stretchable Semiconducting Polymers
    journal, September 2019

    A Narrow‐Bandgap n‐Type Polymer Semiconductor Enabling Efficient All‐Polymer Solar Cells
    journal, September 2019

    Recent Progress in Inkjet‐Printed Thin‐Film Transistors
    journal, January 2019

    Enhancing Molecular Alignment and Charge Transport of Solution-Sheared Semiconducting Polymer Films by the Electrical-Blade Effect
    journal, May 2018

    • Molina-Lopez, Francisco; Wu, Hung-Chin; Wang, Ging-Ji Nathan
    • Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 7
    • DOI: 10.1002/aelm.201800110

    The Motivation for and Challenges to Scaling Down Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
    journal, April 2019

    Structure Evolution of Oligomer Fused-Ring Electron Acceptors toward High Efficiency of As-Cast Polymer Solar Cells
    journal, July 2016

    Roll-to-Roll Printed Large-Area All-Polymer Solar Cells with 5% Efficiency Based on a Low Crystallinity Conjugated Polymer Blend
    journal, March 2017

    Multiple Cases of Efficient Nonfullerene Ternary Organic Solar Cells Enabled by an Effective Morphology Control Method
    journal, December 2017

    • Jiang, Kui; Zhang, Guangye; Yang, Guofang
    • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 9
    • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201701370

    Photoactive Blend Morphology Engineering through Systematically Tuning Aggregation in All-Polymer Solar Cells
    journal, January 2018

    • Wang, Gang; Eastham, Nicholas D.; Aldrich, Thomas J.
    • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 12
    • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201702173

    Polymersolarzellen: Fortschritt, Herausforderungen und Perspektiven
    journal, March 2019

    • Wang, Gang; Melkonyan, Ferdinand S.; Facchetti, Antonio
    • Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 131, Issue 13
    • DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808976

    Imide‐Functionalized Polymer Semiconductors
    journal, December 2018

    • Sun, Huiliang; Wang, Lei; Wang, Yingfeng
    • Chemistry – A European Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803605

    Challenges to the Stability of Active Layer Materials in Organic Solar Cells
    journal, January 2020

    • Wang, Kun; Li, Yaowen; Li, Yongfang
    • Macromolecular Rapid Communications, Vol. 41, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900437

    Fiber-Shaped Perovskite Solar Cells with High Power Conversion Efficiency
    journal, March 2016

    In Situ Structure Characterization in Slot‐Die‐Printed All‐Polymer Solar Cells with Efficiency Over 9%
    journal, May 2019

    Non-fullerene acceptors for organic solar cells
    journal, February 2018

    High-resolution patterning of solution-processable materials via externally engineered pinning of capillary bridges
    journal, January 2018

    Next-generation organic photovoltaics based on non-fullerene acceptors
    journal, February 2018

    A novel high-performance electrode architecture for supercapacitors: Fe 2 O 3 nanocube and carbon nanotube functionalized carbon
    journal, January 2017

    • Wang, Rui; Cai, Shichang; Yan, Yizhi
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 43
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7ta07043h

    Vapor phase organic chemistry to deposit conjugated polymer films on arbitrary substrates
    journal, January 2017

    • Cheng, Nongyi; Zhang, Lushuai; Joon Kim, Jae
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 5, Issue 23
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7tc00293a

    Efficient and thermally stable all-polymer solar cells based on a fluorinated wide-bandgap polymer donor with high crystallinity
    journal, January 2018

    • Su, Wenyan; Meng, Yuan; Guo, Xia
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 34
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8ta05376f

    Pt complex-based terpolymer acceptors linked through ancillary ligand for all-polymer solar cells
    journal, January 2018

    • Gao, Xuyu; Shi, Dengke; Wang, Menghan
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 37
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8tc03409e

    Benzodithiophene-modified terpolymer acceptors with reduced molecular planarity and crystallinity: improved performance and stability for all-polymer solar cells
    journal, January 2019

    • Gao, Xuyu; Gao, Jiaxin; Xue, Zhongyuan
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 33
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9tc03142a

    Competition between deformability and charge transport in semiconducting polymers for flexible and stretchable electronics
    journal, June 2016

    • Printz, Adam D.; Lipomi, Darren J.
    • Applied Physics Reviews, Vol. 3, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1063/1.4947428

    Aggregation control in natural brush-printed conjugated polymer films and implications for enhancing charge transport
    journal, November 2017

    • Wang, Gang; Huang, Wei; Eastham, Nicholas D.
    • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, Issue 47
    • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713634114

    Origin and role of gap states in organic semiconductor studied by UPS: as the nature of organic molecular crystals
    journal, September 2017

    • Yang, Jin-Peng; Bussolotti, Fabio; Kera, Satoshi
    • Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 50, Issue 42
    • DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aa840f

    Tuning conformation, assembly, and charge transport properties of conjugated polymers by printing flow
    journal, August 2019

    • Park, Kyung Sun; Kwok, Justin J.; Dilmurat, Rishat
    • Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 8
    • DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw7757

    Three-dimensional molecular and nanoparticle crystallization by DNA nanotechnology
    journal, December 2017

    Improved Performance of All-Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by Naphthodiperylenetetraimide-Based Polymer Acceptor
    journal, May 2017

    Imaging Nanoscale Morphology of Semiconducting Polymer Films with Photoemission Electron Microscopy
    journal, May 2017

    Single‐Junction Polymer Solar Cells with 16.35% Efficiency Enabled by a Platinum(II) Complexation Strategy
    journal, May 2019

    Enhanced Vertical Charge Transport of Homo‐ and Blended Semiconducting Polymers by Nanoconfinement
    journal, January 2020

    • Ko, Jongkuk; Kim, Youngkeol; Kang, Jin Soo
    • Advanced Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 10
    • DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908087

    The Critical Role of Electron‐Donating Thiophene Groups on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Donor–Acceptor Semiconducting Polymers
    journal, March 2019

    • Zhang, Song; Ocheje, Michael U.; Huang, Lifeng
    • Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 5
    • DOI: 10.1002/aelm.201800899

    Printed Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells with the Highest Efficiency of 9.5%
    journal, January 2018

    • Lin, Yuanbao; Jin, Yingzhi; Dong, Sheng
    • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 13
    • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201701942

    All-Polymer Solar Cells: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Prospects
    journal, February 2019

    • Wang, Gang; Melkonyan, Ferdinand S.; Facchetti, Antonio
    • Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 13
    • DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808976

    Rhodanine flanked indacenodithiophene as non-fullerene acceptor for efficient polymer solar cells
    journal, January 2017

    The meniscus-guided deposition of semiconducting polymers
    journal, February 2018

    Rational design of conjugated side chains for high-performance all-polymer solar cells
    journal, January 2018

    • Huang, Wei; Li, Meilin; Lin, Fengyuan
    • Molecular Systems Design & Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7me00088j

    Laser-induced orientation transformation of a conjugated polymer thin film with enhanced vertical charge transport
    journal, January 2018

    • Chae, Sangmin; Yi, Ahra; Lee, Hyun Hwi
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 35
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8tc02393j

    On the understanding of energetic disorder, charge recombination and voltage losses in all-polymer solar cells
    journal, January 2018

    • Yin, Ao; Zhang, Dongyang; Cheung, Sin Hang
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 29
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8tc02689k

    Surpassing 10% Efficiency Benchmark for Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells by Scalable Coating in Air from Single Nonhalogenated Solvent
    text, January 2018

    • Y., Xiong,; W., You,; C., Wang,
    • The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
    • DOI: 10.17615/jhpv-dy32

    Revealing the Impact of F4-TCNQ as Additive on Morphology and Performance of High-Efficiency Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells
    text, January 2019

    • J. J., Rech,; W., You,; Q., Zhang,
    • The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
    • DOI: 10.17615/tghg-rb29

    In Situ Structure Characterization in Slot‐Die‐Printed All‐Polymer Solar Cells with Efficiency Over 9%
    journal, May 2019

    Scalable fabrication of organic solar cells based on non-fullerene acceptors
    journal, January 2020

    • Gertsen, Anders S.; Castro, Marcial Fernández; Søndergaard, Roar R.
    • Flexible and Printed Electronics, Vol. 5, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/ab5f57

    Understanding the Impact of Oligomeric Polystyrene Side Chain Arrangement on the All-Polymer Solar Cell Performance
    journal, September 2017

    • Kurosawa, Tadanori; Gu, Xiaodan; Gu, Kevin L.
    • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201701552

    High-resolution patterning of solution-processable materials via externally engineered pinning of capillary bridges
    text, January 2018

    • Li, Shunpu; Chun, Youngtea; Zhao, Shuo
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.17384

    Recent Progress in Inkjet‐Printed Thin‐Film Transistors
    journal, January 2019

    The meniscus-guided deposition of semiconducting polymers
    journal, February 2018

    Soft crystal martensites: An in situ resonant soft x-ray scattering study of a liquid crystal martensitic transformation
    journal, March 2020

    High-resolution patterning of solution-processable materials via externally engineered pinning of capillary bridges
    text, January 2018

    • Li, Shunpu; Chun, Youngtea; Zhao, Shuo
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.17384
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