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Title: A Measurement of Gravitational Lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background by Galaxy Clusters Using Data from the South Pole Telescope

Abstract

Clusters of galaxies are expected to gravitationally lens the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and thereby generate a distinct signal in the CMB on arcminute scales. Measurements of this effect can be used to constrain the masses of galaxy clusters with CMB data alone. Here we present a measurement of lensing of the CMB by galaxy clusters using data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT). We also develop a maximum likelihood approach to extract the CMB cluster lensing signal and validate the method on mock data. We quantify the effects on our analysis of several potential sources of systematic error and find that they generally act to reduce the best-fit cluster mass. It is estimated that this bias to lower cluster mass is roughly 0.85σ in units of the statistical error bar, although this estimate should be viewed as an upper limit. Furthermore, we apply our maximum likelihood technique to 513 clusters selected via their Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) signatures in SPT data, and rule out the null hypothesis of no lensing at 3.1σ. The lensing-derived mass estimate for the full cluster sample is consistent with that inferred from the SZ flux: M200,lens = 0.83+0.38-0.37 M200,SZ (68% C.L., statistical error only).

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [6];  [7];  [6];  [3];  [8];  [9];  [10];  [8];  [8];  [9];  [11];  [12];  [4];  [13];  [9] more »;  [9];  [14];  [15];  [16];  [6];  [17];  [4];  [18];  [19];  [20];  [9];  [21];  [22];  [20];  [4];  [4];  [6];  [23];  [24];  [4];  [9];  [25];  [4];  [4];  [26];  [7];  [27];  [4];  [23];  [4];  [6];  [13];  [28];  [29];  [30];  [31];  [31];  [32];  [31];  [33];  [4];  [34];  [35];  [6];  [36];  [31];  [6];  [4];  [22];  [37];  [16];  [6];  [13];  [24];  [38] « less
  1. Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (United States); Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)
  2. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States); Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
  3. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States); Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
  4. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)
  5. Stanford Univ., CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
  6. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA (United States)
  7. Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
  8. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States); Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
  9. Ludwig Maximilian Univ., Munich (Germany); Excellence Cluster Universe, Garching (Germany)
  10. Univ. of Missouri, Kansas City, MO (United States)
  11. NIST Quantum Devices Group, Boulder, CO (United States)
  12. Pontifica Universidad Catolica (Chile)
  13. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States); California Inst. of Technology, Pasadena, CA (United States)
  14. McGill Univ., Montreal, QC (Canada); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
  15. McGill Univ., Montreal, QC (Canada); CIFAR Program in Cosmology and Gravity, Toronto, ON (Canada)
  16. Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)
  17. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Max-Plank-Institut fur extraterrestrische Physik, Garching (Germany)
  18. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL (United States)
  19. Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
  20. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
  21. Leiden Univ. (Netherlands)
  22. McGill Univ., Montreal, QC (Canada)
  23. Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States)
  24. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
  25. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
  26. Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States)
  27. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
  28. Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (United States)
  29. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville (Australia)
  30. Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD (United States)
  31. Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH (United States)
  32. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munchen (Germany)
  33. Univ. of Chicago and School of the Art Inst. of Chicago, IL (United States)
  34. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States); Korea Astronomy and Space Science Inst., Daejeon (Korea)
  35. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
  36. Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  37. Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada)
  38. Ludwig Maximilian Univ., Munich (Germany); Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, La Serena (Chile)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
OSTI Identifier:
1226315
Report Number(s):
FERMILAB-PUB-14-538-A
Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357; arXiv eprint number arXiv:1412.7521
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-07CH11359
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 806; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; cosmic background radiation; gravitational lensing: weak; galaxies: clusters: general

Citation Formats

Baxter, E. J., Keisler, R., Dodelson, S., Aird, K. A., Allen, S. W., Ashby, M. L.N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. -M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., Hennig, C., Hoekstra, H., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hou, Z., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., McDonald, M., McMahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Millea, M., Mocanu, L. M., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A. A Measurement of Gravitational Lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background by Galaxy Clusters Using Data from the South Pole Telescope. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/247.
Baxter, E. J., Keisler, R., Dodelson, S., Aird, K. A., Allen, S. W., Ashby, M. L.N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. -M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., Hennig, C., Hoekstra, H., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hou, Z., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., McDonald, M., McMahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Millea, M., Mocanu, L. M., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., & Zenteno, A. A Measurement of Gravitational Lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background by Galaxy Clusters Using Data from the South Pole Telescope. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/247
Baxter, E. J., Keisler, R., Dodelson, S., Aird, K. A., Allen, S. W., Ashby, M. L.N., Bautz, M., Bayliss, M., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiu, I., Cho, H. -M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Desai, S., Dietrich, J. P., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Foley, R. J., Forman, W. R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N. L., Hennig, C., Hoekstra, H., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hou, Z., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., McDonald, M., McMahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Millea, M., Mocanu, L. M., Murray, S. S., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Song, J., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, B., Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., van Engelen, A., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A. Mon . "A Measurement of Gravitational Lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background by Galaxy Clusters Using Data from the South Pole Telescope". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/247. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1226315.
@article{osti_1226315,
title = {A Measurement of Gravitational Lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background by Galaxy Clusters Using Data from the South Pole Telescope},
author = {Baxter, E. J. and Keisler, R. and Dodelson, S. and Aird, K. A. and Allen, S. W. and Ashby, M. L.N. and Bautz, M. and Bayliss, M. and Benson, B. A. and Bleem, L. E. and Bocquet, S. and Brodwin, M. and Carlstrom, J. E. and Chang, C. L. and Chiu, I. and Cho, H. -M. and Clocchiatti, A. and Crawford, T. M. and Crites, A. T. and Desai, S. and Dietrich, J. P. and de Haan, T. and Dobbs, M. A. and Foley, R. J. and Forman, W. R. and George, E. M. and Gladders, M. D. and Gonzalez, A. H. and Halverson, N. W. and Harrington, N. L. and Hennig, C. and Hoekstra, H. and Holder, G. P. and Holzapfel, W. L. and Hou, Z. and Hrubes, J. D. and Jones, C. and Knox, L. and Lee, A. T. and Leitch, E. M. and Liu, J. and Lueker, M. and Luong-Van, D. and Mantz, A. and Marrone, D. P. and McDonald, M. and McMahon, J. J. and Meyer, S. S. and Millea, M. and Mocanu, L. M. and Murray, S. S. and Padin, S. and Pryke, C. and Reichardt, C. L. and Rest, A. and Ruhl, J. E. and Saliwanchik, B. R. and Saro, A. and Sayre, J. T. and Schaffer, K. K. and Shirokoff, E. and Song, J. and Spieler, H. G. and Stalder, B. and Stanford, S. A. and Staniszewski, Z. and Stark, A. A. and Story, K. T. and van Engelen, A. and Vanderlinde, K. and Vieira, J. D. and Vikhlinin, A. and Williamson, R. and Zahn, O. and Zenteno, A.},
abstractNote = {Clusters of galaxies are expected to gravitationally lens the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and thereby generate a distinct signal in the CMB on arcminute scales. Measurements of this effect can be used to constrain the masses of galaxy clusters with CMB data alone. Here we present a measurement of lensing of the CMB by galaxy clusters using data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT). We also develop a maximum likelihood approach to extract the CMB cluster lensing signal and validate the method on mock data. We quantify the effects on our analysis of several potential sources of systematic error and find that they generally act to reduce the best-fit cluster mass. It is estimated that this bias to lower cluster mass is roughly 0.85σ in units of the statistical error bar, although this estimate should be viewed as an upper limit. Furthermore, we apply our maximum likelihood technique to 513 clusters selected via their Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) signatures in SPT data, and rule out the null hypothesis of no lensing at 3.1σ. The lensing-derived mass estimate for the full cluster sample is consistent with that inferred from the SZ flux: M200,lens = 0.83+0.38-0.37 M200,SZ (68% C.L., statistical error only).},
doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/247},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},
number = 2,
volume = 806,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Jun 22 00:00:00 EDT 2015},
month = {Mon Jun 22 00:00:00 EDT 2015}
}

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Real space lensing reconstruction using cosmic microwave background polarization
journal, January 2018

  • Prince, Heather; Moodley, Kavilan; Ridl, Jethro
  • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2018, Issue 01
  • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2018/01/034

Exploring cosmic origins with CORE: Cluster science
journal, April 2018

  • Melin, J. -B.; Bonaldi, A.; Remazeilles, M.
  • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2018, Issue 04
  • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2018/04/019

Exploring cosmic origins with CORE: Mitigation of systematic effects
journal, April 2018


The Simons Observatory: science goals and forecasts
journal, February 2019

  • Ade, Peter; Aguirre, James; Ahmed, Zeeshan
  • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 02
  • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2019/02/056

Neutrino mass and dark energy constraints from redshift-space distortions
journal, May 2019


Constraining the rotational kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in massive galaxy clusters
journal, June 2019

  • Baxter, Eric J.; Sherwin, Blake D.; Raghunathan, Srinivasan
  • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 06
  • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2019/06/001

Mass Calibration of Optically Selected DES Clusters Using a Measurement of CMB-cluster Lensing with SPTpol Data
journal, February 2019


The Halo Mass of Optically Luminous Quasars at z ≈ 1–2 Measured via Gravitational Deflection of the Cosmic Microwave Background
journal, March 2019


Suppressing the Thermal SZ-induced Variance in CMB-cluster Lensing Estimators
journal, December 2019

  • Patil, Sanjaykumar; Raghunathan, Srinivasan; Reichardt, Christian L.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 888, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab55dd

Pairwise Transverse Velocity Measurement with the Rees–Sciama Effect
journal, March 2019

  • Yasini, Siavash; Mirzatuny, Nareg; Pierpaoli, Elena
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 873, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0bfe

Planck 2015 results : XIII. Cosmological parameters
journal, September 2016


The Simons Observatory: Science goals and forecasts
text, January 2019

  • Ade, P.; Aguirre, J.; Ahmed, Z.
  • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
  • DOI: 10.17863/cam.38168

Planck 2015 results : VI. LFI mapmaking
journal, September 2016


Planck 2015 results : XVI. Isotropy and statistics of the CMB
journal, September 2016


Planck 2015 results : XXVI. The Second
journal, September 2016


Planck 2015 results : XXIV. Cosmology from Sunyaev-Zeldovich cluster counts
journal, September 2016


Exploring Cosmic Origins with CORE: Cluster Science
text, January 2017


Real space lensing reconstruction using cosmic microwave background polarization
text, January 2017


Mitigating Foreground Biases in CMB Lensing Reconstruction Using Cleaned Gradients
text, January 2018


The Simons Observatory: Science goals and forecasts
text, January 2018


Pairwise Transverse Velocity Measurement with the Rees-Sciama Effect
text, January 2018