Photoelectron spectroscopy of wet and gaseous samples through graphene membranes
Abstract
Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and microscopy are highly important for exploring morphologically and chemically complex liquid–gas, solid–liquid and solid–gas interfaces under realistic conditions, but the very small electron mean free path inside dense media imposes serious experimental challenges. Currently, near ambient pressure PES is conducted using dexterously designed electron energy analyzers coupled with differentially pumped electron lenses which make it possible to conduct PES measurements at a few hPa. This report proposes an alternative ambient pressure approach that can be applied to a broad class of samples and be implemented in conventional PES instruments. It uses ultrathin electron transparent but molecular impermeable membranes to isolate the high pressure sample environment from the high vacuum PES detection system. We show that the separating graphene membrane windows are both mechanically robust and sufficiently transparent for electrons in a wide energy range to allow soft X-ray PES of liquid and gaseous water. The performed proof-of-principle experiments confirm the possibility to probe vacuum-incompatible toxic or reactive samples placed inside such hermetic, gas flow or fluidic environmental cells.
- Authors:
-
- Technische Univ. München (Germany)
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste (Italy)
- Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States); National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States). Center for Nanoscale Sciencee and Technology
- Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States). Center for Nanoscale Sciencee and Technology
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1214459
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC05-00OR22725
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Nanoscale
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 6; Journal Issue: 23; Journal ID: ISSN 2040-3364
- Publisher:
- Royal Society of Chemistry
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS
Citation Formats
Kraus, Jürgen, Reichelt, Robert, Günther, Sebastian, Gregoratti, Luca, Amati, Matteo, Kiskinova, Maya, Yulaev, Alexander, Vlassiouk, Ivan V., and Kolmakov, Andrei. Photoelectron spectroscopy of wet and gaseous samples through graphene membranes. United States: N. p., 2014.
Web. doi:10.1039/C4NR03561E.
Kraus, Jürgen, Reichelt, Robert, Günther, Sebastian, Gregoratti, Luca, Amati, Matteo, Kiskinova, Maya, Yulaev, Alexander, Vlassiouk, Ivan V., & Kolmakov, Andrei. Photoelectron spectroscopy of wet and gaseous samples through graphene membranes. United States. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR03561E
Kraus, Jürgen, Reichelt, Robert, Günther, Sebastian, Gregoratti, Luca, Amati, Matteo, Kiskinova, Maya, Yulaev, Alexander, Vlassiouk, Ivan V., and Kolmakov, Andrei. Mon .
"Photoelectron spectroscopy of wet and gaseous samples through graphene membranes". United States. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR03561E. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1214459.
@article{osti_1214459,
title = {Photoelectron spectroscopy of wet and gaseous samples through graphene membranes},
author = {Kraus, Jürgen and Reichelt, Robert and Günther, Sebastian and Gregoratti, Luca and Amati, Matteo and Kiskinova, Maya and Yulaev, Alexander and Vlassiouk, Ivan V. and Kolmakov, Andrei},
abstractNote = {Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and microscopy are highly important for exploring morphologically and chemically complex liquid–gas, solid–liquid and solid–gas interfaces under realistic conditions, but the very small electron mean free path inside dense media imposes serious experimental challenges. Currently, near ambient pressure PES is conducted using dexterously designed electron energy analyzers coupled with differentially pumped electron lenses which make it possible to conduct PES measurements at a few hPa. This report proposes an alternative ambient pressure approach that can be applied to a broad class of samples and be implemented in conventional PES instruments. It uses ultrathin electron transparent but molecular impermeable membranes to isolate the high pressure sample environment from the high vacuum PES detection system. We show that the separating graphene membrane windows are both mechanically robust and sufficiently transparent for electrons in a wide energy range to allow soft X-ray PES of liquid and gaseous water. The performed proof-of-principle experiments confirm the possibility to probe vacuum-incompatible toxic or reactive samples placed inside such hermetic, gas flow or fluidic environmental cells.},
doi = {10.1039/C4NR03561E},
journal = {Nanoscale},
number = 23,
volume = 6,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Sep 22 00:00:00 EDT 2014},
month = {Mon Sep 22 00:00:00 EDT 2014}
}
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