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Title: A comprehensive laboratory study on the immersion freezing behavior of illite NX particles. A comparison of 17 ice nucleation measurement techniques

Abstract

Immersion freezing is the most relevant heterogeneous ice nucleation mechanism through which ice crystals are formed in mixed-phase clouds. In recent years, an increasing number of laboratory experiments utilizing a variety of instruments have examined immersion freezing activity of atmospherically relevant ice-nucleating particles. However, an intercomparison of these laboratory results is a difficult task because investigators have used different ice nucleation (IN) measurement methods to produce these results. A remaining challenge is to explore the sensitivity and accuracy of these techniques and to understand how the IN results are potentially influenced or biased by experimental parameters associated with these techniques. Within the framework of INUIT (Ice Nuclei Research Unit), we distributed an illite-rich sample (illite NX) as a representative surrogate for atmospheric mineral dust particles to investigators to perform immersion freezing experiments using different IN measurement methods and to obtain IN data as a function of particle concentration, temperature (T), cooling rate and nucleation time. A total of 17 measurement methods were involved in the data intercomparison. Experiments with seven instruments started with the test sample pre-suspended in water before cooling, while 10 other instruments employed water vapor condensation onto dry-dispersed particles followed by immersion freezing. The resulting comprehensive immersionmore » freezing data set was evaluated using the ice nucleation active surface-site density, ns, to develop a representative ns(T) spectrum that spans a wide temperature range (-37 °C < T < -11 °C) and covers 9 orders of magnitude in ns. In general, the 17 immersion freezing measurement techniques deviate, within a range of about 8 °C in terms of temperature, by 3 orders of magnitude with respect to ns. In addition, we show evidence that the immersion freezing efficiency expressed in ns of illite NX particles is relatively independent of droplet size, particle mass in suspension, particle size and cooling rate during freezing. A strong temperature dependence and weak time and size dependence of the immersion freezing efficiency of illite-rich clay mineral particles enabled the ns parameterization solely as a function of temperature. We also characterized the ns(T) spectra and identified a section with a steep slope between -20 and -27 °C, where a large fraction of active sites of our test dust may trigger immersion freezing. This slope was followed by a region with a gentler slope at temperatures below -27 °C. While the agreement between different instruments was reasonable below ~ -27 °C, there seemed to be a different trend in the temperature-dependent ice nucleation activity from the suspension and dry-dispersed particle measurements for this mineral dust, in particular at higher temperatures. For instance, the ice nucleation activity expressed in ns was smaller for the average of the wet suspended samples and higher for the average of the dry-dispersed aerosol samples between about -27 and -18 °C. Only instruments making measurements with wet suspended samples were able to measure ice nucleation above -18 °C. A possible explanation for the deviation between -27 and -18 °C is discussed. Multiple exponential distribution fits in both linear and log space for both specific surface area-based ns(T) and geometric surface area-based ns(T) are provided. These new fits, constrained by using identical reference samples, will help to compare IN measurement methods that are not included in the present study and IN data from future IN instruments.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [3];  [3];  [5];  [4];  [6];  [3];  [1];  [6];  [1];  [4];  [1];  [1];  [3];  [1];  [3];  [6] more »;  [2];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [8];  [7];  [10];  [8];  [8];  [11];  [12];  [2];  [9];  [12];  [11];  [13];  [11];  [13];  [7];  [12];  [9];  [11] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Karlsruhe Inst. of Technology (KIT) (Germany)
  2. Leibniz Inst. for Tropospheric Research (ITR), Leipzig (Germany)
  3. Goethe Univ., Frankfurt (Germany)
  4. Bieleffeld Univ. (Germany)
  5. Univ. of Mainz (Germany)
  6. Technical Univ. Darmstadt (Germany)
  7. Univ. of Zurich (Switzerland)
  8. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States)
  9. North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC (United States)
  10. Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
  11. Meteorological Research Inst. (MRI), Tsukuba (Japan)
  12. Univ. of Leeds (United Kingdom)
  13. Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1182884
Report Number(s):
PNNL-SA-104923
Journal ID: ISSN 1680-7324; KP1701000
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC05-76RL01830
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online); Journal Volume: 15; Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 1680-7324
Publisher:
European Geosciences Union
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Citation Formats

Hiranuma, Naruki, Augustin-Bauditz, Stefanie, Bingemer, Heinz, Budke, Carsten, Curtius, J., Danielczok, Anja, Diehl, K., Dreischmeier, Katharina, Ebert, Martin, Frank, F., Hoffmann, Nadine, Kandler, Kondrad, Kiselev, Alexei, Koop, Thomas, Leisner, Thomas, Mohler, Ottmar, Nillius, Bjorn, Peckhaus, Andreas, Rose, Diana, Weinbruch, Stephan, Wex, Heike, Boose, Yvonne, DeMott, Paul J., Hader, John D., Hill, Thomas, Kanji, Zamin, Kulkarni, Gourihar R., Levin, Ezra, McCluskey, Christina, Murakami, Masataka, Murray, Benjamin J., Niedermeier, Dennis, Petters, Markus D., O'Sullivan, Daniel, Saito, Atsushi, Schill, Gregory, Tajiri, Takuya, Tolbert, Margaret A., Welti, Andre, Whale, Thomas, Wright, Timothy, and Yamashita, Katsuya. A comprehensive laboratory study on the immersion freezing behavior of illite NX particles. A comparison of 17 ice nucleation measurement techniques. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.5194/acp-15-2489-2015.
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Hiranuma, Naruki, Augustin-Bauditz, Stefanie, Bingemer, Heinz, Budke, Carsten, Curtius, J., Danielczok, Anja, Diehl, K., Dreischmeier, Katharina, Ebert, Martin, Frank, F., Hoffmann, Nadine, Kandler, Kondrad, Kiselev, Alexei, Koop, Thomas, Leisner, Thomas, Mohler, Ottmar, Nillius, Bjorn, Peckhaus, Andreas, Rose, Diana, Weinbruch, Stephan, Wex, Heike, Boose, Yvonne, DeMott, Paul J., Hader, John D., Hill, Thomas, Kanji, Zamin, Kulkarni, Gourihar R., Levin, Ezra, McCluskey, Christina, Murakami, Masataka, Murray, Benjamin J., Niedermeier, Dennis, Petters, Markus D., O'Sullivan, Daniel, Saito, Atsushi, Schill, Gregory, Tajiri, Takuya, Tolbert, Margaret A., Welti, Andre, Whale, Thomas, Wright, Timothy, & Yamashita, Katsuya. A comprehensive laboratory study on the immersion freezing behavior of illite NX particles. A comparison of 17 ice nucleation measurement techniques. United States. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2489-2015
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Hiranuma, Naruki, Augustin-Bauditz, Stefanie, Bingemer, Heinz, Budke, Carsten, Curtius, J., Danielczok, Anja, Diehl, K., Dreischmeier, Katharina, Ebert, Martin, Frank, F., Hoffmann, Nadine, Kandler, Kondrad, Kiselev, Alexei, Koop, Thomas, Leisner, Thomas, Mohler, Ottmar, Nillius, Bjorn, Peckhaus, Andreas, Rose, Diana, Weinbruch, Stephan, Wex, Heike, Boose, Yvonne, DeMott, Paul J., Hader, John D., Hill, Thomas, Kanji, Zamin, Kulkarni, Gourihar R., Levin, Ezra, McCluskey, Christina, Murakami, Masataka, Murray, Benjamin J., Niedermeier, Dennis, Petters, Markus D., O'Sullivan, Daniel, Saito, Atsushi, Schill, Gregory, Tajiri, Takuya, Tolbert, Margaret A., Welti, Andre, Whale, Thomas, Wright, Timothy, and Yamashita, Katsuya. Fri . "A comprehensive laboratory study on the immersion freezing behavior of illite NX particles. A comparison of 17 ice nucleation measurement techniques". United States. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2489-2015. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1182884.
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@article{osti_1182884,
title = {A comprehensive laboratory study on the immersion freezing behavior of illite NX particles. A comparison of 17 ice nucleation measurement techniques},
author = {Hiranuma, Naruki and Augustin-Bauditz, Stefanie and Bingemer, Heinz and Budke, Carsten and Curtius, J. and Danielczok, Anja and Diehl, K. and Dreischmeier, Katharina and Ebert, Martin and Frank, F. and Hoffmann, Nadine and Kandler, Kondrad and Kiselev, Alexei and Koop, Thomas and Leisner, Thomas and Mohler, Ottmar and Nillius, Bjorn and Peckhaus, Andreas and Rose, Diana and Weinbruch, Stephan and Wex, Heike and Boose, Yvonne and DeMott, Paul J. and Hader, John D. and Hill, Thomas and Kanji, Zamin and Kulkarni, Gourihar R. and Levin, Ezra and McCluskey, Christina and Murakami, Masataka and Murray, Benjamin J. and Niedermeier, Dennis and Petters, Markus D. and O'Sullivan, Daniel and Saito, Atsushi and Schill, Gregory and Tajiri, Takuya and Tolbert, Margaret A. and Welti, Andre and Whale, Thomas and Wright, Timothy and Yamashita, Katsuya},
abstractNote = {Immersion freezing is the most relevant heterogeneous ice nucleation mechanism through which ice crystals are formed in mixed-phase clouds. In recent years, an increasing number of laboratory experiments utilizing a variety of instruments have examined immersion freezing activity of atmospherically relevant ice-nucleating particles. However, an intercomparison of these laboratory results is a difficult task because investigators have used different ice nucleation (IN) measurement methods to produce these results. A remaining challenge is to explore the sensitivity and accuracy of these techniques and to understand how the IN results are potentially influenced or biased by experimental parameters associated with these techniques. Within the framework of INUIT (Ice Nuclei Research Unit), we distributed an illite-rich sample (illite NX) as a representative surrogate for atmospheric mineral dust particles to investigators to perform immersion freezing experiments using different IN measurement methods and to obtain IN data as a function of particle concentration, temperature (T), cooling rate and nucleation time. A total of 17 measurement methods were involved in the data intercomparison. Experiments with seven instruments started with the test sample pre-suspended in water before cooling, while 10 other instruments employed water vapor condensation onto dry-dispersed particles followed by immersion freezing. The resulting comprehensive immersion freezing data set was evaluated using the ice nucleation active surface-site density, ns, to develop a representative ns(T) spectrum that spans a wide temperature range (-37 °C < T < -11 °C) and covers 9 orders of magnitude in ns. In general, the 17 immersion freezing measurement techniques deviate, within a range of about 8 °C in terms of temperature, by 3 orders of magnitude with respect to ns. In addition, we show evidence that the immersion freezing efficiency expressed in ns of illite NX particles is relatively independent of droplet size, particle mass in suspension, particle size and cooling rate during freezing. A strong temperature dependence and weak time and size dependence of the immersion freezing efficiency of illite-rich clay mineral particles enabled the ns parameterization solely as a function of temperature. We also characterized the ns(T) spectra and identified a section with a steep slope between -20 and -27 °C, where a large fraction of active sites of our test dust may trigger immersion freezing. This slope was followed by a region with a gentler slope at temperatures below -27 °C. While the agreement between different instruments was reasonable below ~ -27 °C, there seemed to be a different trend in the temperature-dependent ice nucleation activity from the suspension and dry-dispersed particle measurements for this mineral dust, in particular at higher temperatures. For instance, the ice nucleation activity expressed in ns was smaller for the average of the wet suspended samples and higher for the average of the dry-dispersed aerosol samples between about -27 and -18 °C. Only instruments making measurements with wet suspended samples were able to measure ice nucleation above -18 °C. A possible explanation for the deviation between -27 and -18 °C is discussed. Multiple exponential distribution fits in both linear and log space for both specific surface area-based ns(T) and geometric surface area-based ns(T) are provided. These new fits, constrained by using identical reference samples, will help to compare IN measurement methods that are not included in the present study and IN data from future IN instruments.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-15-2489-2015},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online)},
number = 5,
volume = 15,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 EST 2015},
month = {Fri Mar 06 00:00:00 EST 2015}
}
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