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In surface and near-surface weathering environments, the mobilization and partial loss of palladium (Pd) under oxidizing and weakly acidic conditions has been attributed to aqueous chloride complexation. However, prior work has also observed that a portion of Pd is retained by iron (oxyhydr)oxides in the weathering zone. The effect chloride has on the relative amount of Pd mobilization versus retention by iron (oxyhydr)oxides is currently unclear. We studied the effect of chloride complexation on Pd(II) adsorption to two iron (oxyhydr)oxides, hematite and 2-line ferrihydrite, at pH 4. Increasing chloride concentration suppresses Pd adsorption for both hematite and ferrihydrite, which displaymore » similar binding affinities under the conditions studied. Thermodynamic modeling of aqueous Pd speciation indicates that greater suppression of binding to iron (oxyhydr)oxides should occur than is observed because of the strength of Pd-Cl complexation, implying that additional interactions at the mineral surface are counteracting this effect. While increasing dissolved chloride concentration does not measurably impact mineral surface charging, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra indicate that ternary Pd-Cl surface complexes form on both hematite and ferrihydrite. The number of Cl ligands in the surface species increase at greater chloride concentration. A mixture of bidentate and monodentate surface species are indicated by the EXAFS spectra, although the fitting uncertainties precludes determining whether these vary in relative abundance with chloride concentration. In order to offset the effect of strong aqueous Pd-Cl complexation and align with our EXAFS results, a surface complexation model developed for Pd adsorption to hematite involves a mixture of three ternary surface complexes containing 1, 2, and 3 chloride ligands. Our results show that Pd is mobilized as a chloride complex in platinum group element-rich weathering zones. As a result, porewater chloride concentrations are thus a dominant control on Pd retention by iron (oxyhydr)oxides in these weakly acidic environments.« less

Fleetite, Cu₂RhIrSb₂, a new species of platinum-group mineral (PGM), was discovered intergrown with an Os–Ir–Ru alloy in the Miass Placer Zone (Au–PGE), southern Urals, Russia. A single grain 50 μm across was found. Osmium, ruthenium, and iridium are the main associated minerals; also present are Pt–Fe alloys, laurite, Sb-rich irarsite, Rh-rich tolovkite, kashinite, anduoite, ferronickelplatinum, heazlewoodite, PGE-bearing pentlandite and digenite, as well as micrometric inclusions of forsterite (Fo_93.7), chromite–magnesiochromite, and Mg-rich edenite. In reflected light, fleetite is light gray; it is opaque, isotropic, non-pleochroic, and non-bireflectant. We report reflectance values measured in air. A mean of seven point-analyses (wavelength-dispersive spectrometry)more » gave Cu 13.93, Ni 8.60, Fe 0.10, Ir 28.07, Rh 7.91, Ru 1.96, Sb 39.28, total 99.85 wt.%, corresponding to (Cu_1.41Ni_0.58Fe_0.01)_Σ2.00(Rh_0.49Ni_0.36Ru_0.12)_Σ0.97Ir_0.95Sb_2.08 on the basis of six atoms per formula unit, taking into account the structural results. The calculated density is 10.83 g/cm³. Single-crystal X-ray studies show that fleetite is cubic, space group Fdm (#227), a = 11.6682(8) Å, V = 1588.59(19) ų, and Z = 16. A least-squares refinement of X-ray powder-diffraction data gave a = 11.6575(5) Å and V = 1584.22(19) ų. The strongest five reflections in the powder pattern [d in Å(I)(hkl)] are: 6.70(75)(111), 4.13(100)(220), 3.52(30)(311), 2.380(50)(422), 2.064(40)(440). Results of synchrotron micro-Laue diffraction experiments are consistent [a = 11.66(2) Å]. The crystal structure of fleetite was solved and refined to R = 0.0340 based upon 153 reflections with F_o > 4σ(F_o). It is isotypic with Pd₁₁Bi₂Se₂ and best described as intermetallic, with all metal atoms in 12-fold coordination. Fleetite and other late exotic phases were formed by reaction of the associated alloy phases with a fluid phase enriched in Sb, As, and S in circulation in the cooling ophiolite source-rock. The mineral is named after Michael E. Fleet (1938–2017) in recognition of his significant contributions to the Earth Sciences.« less