Thermal evaporation of thin Li films

Westover, Andrew S.; Sahore, Ritu; Browning, Katie L.; Kalnaus, Sergiy

doi:10.1116/6.0004174

Title: Thermal evaporation of thin Li films

Journal Article · 03 March 2025 · Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0004174 · OSTI ID:2538225

^[1];

^[1]

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Thermal evaporation of lithium is considered a promising technique for the fabrication of clean lithium thin films for solid-state batteries. Here, in this study, we present a practical investigation of nanometer scale lithium films prepared by evaporation on different substrates. These substrates include Li-alloying and nonalloying metals as well as different classes of solid-state lithium-ion conductors. The deposition rate was also varied. For films less than 100 nm thick, the data show that the deposition rate has the biggest impact on the surface coverage. At 50 Å/s, Li forms small particles <1 μm in diameter while higher deposition rate of 150 Å/s resulted in more uniform film morphology on all the substrates. At the lower deposition rates, the wetting of Li to the substrate will impact the particle morphology. We also used the particles to estimate a contact angle between Li and the substrate to qualitatively compare the adhesion from substrate to substrate. The smallest contact angle was observed from lithium films on Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ and LiPON (nominal Li_2.94PO_3.5N_0.31) solid-state electrolytes.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities (SUF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 2538225

Journal Information:: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, Journal Name: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 43; ISSN 2166-2746

Publisher:: American Vacuum Society / AIPCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (28)

Overcoming Anode Instability in Solid‐State Batteries through Control of the Lithium Metal Microstructure Singh, Dheeraj Kumar; Fuchs, Till; Krempaszky, Christian Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 33, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202211067	journal	November 2022
Improved Performance of All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries via Physical and Chemical Interfacial Control Kim, Jong Heon; Go, Kwangmo; Lee, Kyung Jin Advanced Science, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202103433	journal	November 2021
Solid Electrolyte: the Key for High-Voltage Lithium Batteries Li, Juchuan; Ma, Cheng; Chi, Miaofang Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201401408	journal	October 2014
Evaluating the Use of Critical Current Density Tests of Symmetric Lithium Transference Cells with Solid Electrolytes Fuchs, Till; Haslam, Catherine G.; Richter, Felix H. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 13, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202302383	journal	October 2023
Vacuum-tight sample transfer stage for a scanning electron microscopic study of stabilized lithium metal particles Howe, Jane Y.; Boatner, Lynn A.; Kolopus, James A. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 47, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-6029-z	journal	October 2011
Thin-film lithium and lithium-ion batteries Bates, J. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 135, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(00)00327-1	journal	November 2000
Fabrication of favorable interface between sulfide solid electrolyte and Li metal electrode for bulk-type solid-state Li/S battery Nagao, Motohiro; Hayashi, Akitoshi; Tatsumisago, Masahiro Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 22 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2012.06.015	journal	August 2012
Lithiophilicity: The key to efficient lithium metal anodes for lithium batteries Li, Yahao; Li, Yue; Zhang, Lulu Journal of Energy Chemistry, Vol. 77 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.10.026	journal	February 2023
Nanoscale Mapping of Extrinsic Interfaces in Hybrid Solid Electrolytes Dixit, Marm B.; Zaman, Wahid; Hortance, Nicholas Joule, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2019.11.015	journal	January 2020
Study of Void Formation at the Lithium\|Solid Electrolyte Interface Barai, Pallab; Fuchs, Till; Trevisanello, Enrico Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 36, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01708	journal	February 2024
Surface Chemistry Mechanism of Ultra-Low Interfacial Resistance in the Solid-State Electrolyte Li ₇ La ₃ Zr ₂ O ₁₂ Sharafi, Asma; Kazyak, Eric; Davis, Andrew L. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b03002	journal	September 2017
Thermodynamics, Adhesion, and Wetting at Li/Cu(-Oxide) Interfaces: Relevance for Anode-Free Lithium–Metal Batteries Yoon, Jeong Seop; Liao, Daniel W.; Greene, Samuel M. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 16, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c19034	journal	April 2024
Challenges for and Pathways toward Li-Metal-Based All-Solid-State Batteries Albertus, Paul; Anandan, Venkataramani; Ban, Chunmei ACS Energy Letters https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00445	journal	March 2021
Tuning Interface Lithiophobicity for Lithium Metal Solid-State Batteries He, Xinzi; Ji, Xiao; Zhang, Bao ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02122	journal	December 2021
Comparing the Purity of Rolled versus Evaporated Lithium Metal Films Using X-ray Microtomography Ho, Alec S.; Westover, Andrew S.; Browning, Katie ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c00255	journal	February 2022
Challenges in Lithium Metal Anodes for Solid-State Batteries Hatzell, Kelsey B.; Chen, Xi Chelsea; Cobb, Corie L. ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02668	journal	February 2020
Negating interfacial impedance in garnet-based solid-state Li metal batteries Han, Xiaogang; Gong, Yunhui; Fu, Kun (Kelvin) Nature Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4821	journal	December 2016
Lithiophilic-lithiophobic gradient interfacial layer for a highly stable lithium metal anode Zhang, Huimin; Liao, Xiaobin; Guan, Yuepeng Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06126-z	journal	September 2018
Status and challenges in enabling the lithium metal electrode for high-energy and low-cost rechargeable batteries Albertus, Paul; Babinec, Susan; Litzelman, Scott Nature Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-017-0047-2	journal	December 2017
High-energy long-cycling all-solid-state lithium metal batteries enabled by silver–carbon composite anodes Lee, Yong-Gun; Fujiki, Satoshi; Jung, Changhoon Nature Energy, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0575-z	journal	March 2020
Imaging the microstructure of lithium and sodium metal in anode-free solid-state batteries using electron backscatter diffraction Fuchs, Till; Ortmann, Till; Becker, Juri Nature Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-024-02006-8	journal	September 2024
High performance ultra-thin lithium metal anode enabled by vacuum thermal evaporation Rospars, Nicolas; Srout, Mohammed; Fu, Chengyin Communications Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-024-00619-9	journal	September 2024
Sputter deposition and thermal evaporation of Li ₂ O, Li ₂ S, and Li ₂ Se films Lorger, Simon; Fischer, Dieter; Usiskin, Robert Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A, Vol. 37, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5123439	journal	December 2019
Toward garnet electrolyte–based Li metal batteries: An ultrathin, highly effective, artificial solid-state electrolyte/metallic Li interface Fu, Kun (Kelvin); Gong, Yunhui; Liu, Boyang Science Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601659	journal	April 2017
Lithiophilicity chemistry of heteroatom-doped carbon to guide uniform lithium nucleation in lithium metal anodes Chen, Xiang; Chen, Xiao-Ru; Hou, Ting-Zheng Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau7728	journal	February 2019
“Lithium-Free” Thin-Film Battery with In Situ Plated Li Anode Neudecker, B. J.; Dudney, N. J.; Bates, J. B. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 147, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1393226	journal	January 2000
Contact angle, wetting, and adhesion: a critical review Good, Robert J. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 12, p. 1269-1302 https://doi.org/10.1163/156856192X00629	journal	January 1992
Lithiophilic Silver Coating on Lithium Metal Surface for Inhibiting Lithium Dendrites Zuo, Zefu; Zhuang, Libin; Xu, Jinzhuo Frontiers in Chemistry, Vol. 8 https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00109	journal	February 2020

Similar Records

Lithium phosphorous oxynitride films synthesized by a plasma-assisted directed vapor deposition approach

Journal Article · 2008 · Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology. A, International Journal Devoted to Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films · OSTI ID:21020899

Kim, Yoon Gu; Wadley, H N. G.

CRADA Final Report: Properties of Vacuum Deposited Thin Films of Lithium Phosphorous Oxynitride (Lipon) with an Expanded Composition Range

Technical Report · 2003 · OSTI ID:885850

Dudney, N. J.

Nanoscale Solid State Batteries Enabled by Thermal Atomic Layer Deposition of a Lithium Polyphosphazene Solid State Electrolyte

Journal Article · 2017 · Chemistry of Materials · OSTI ID:1360797

Pearse, Alexander J.; Schmitt, Thomas E.; Fuller, Elliot J.; +7 more

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Title: Thermal evaporation of thin Li films

Citation Formats

References (28)

Similar Records

Related Subjects