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Title: Benchmarking the design of the cryogenics system for the underground argon in DarkSide-20k

Journal Article · · JINST
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  1. Fond. Bruno Kessler, Trento
  2. Carleton U.
  3. GSSI, Aquila; Gran Sasso
  4. Warsaw, Copernicus Astron. Ctr.
  5. INFN, Catania; Catania U.; Catania, CSFNSM
  6. Sao Paulo U.
  7. PNL, Richland
  8. Wisconsin U., River Falls
  9. TRIUMF
  10. Columbia U.; Columbia U., Astron. Astrophys.
  11. Milan Polytechnic; INFN, Milan
  12. Cagliari U.; INFN, Cagliari
  13. Alberta U.
  14. Lomonosov Inst. Fine Chem. Tech.
  15. INFN, Legnaro
  16. Savannah River Labs, Aiken, S.C.
  17. Royal Holloway, U. of London
  18. Madrid, CIEMAT
  19. Marseille, CPPM
  20. Pisa U.; INFN, Pisa
  21. Oxford U., Theor. Phys.
  22. INFN, Turin; Polytech. Turin
  23. INFN, Rome
  24. INFN, Genoa; Genoa U.
  25. Warsaw U. of Tech.
  26. Rome III U.; INFN, Rome3
  27. INFN, Naples
  28. Virginia Tech.
  29. INFN, Genoa
  30. Gran Sasso
  31. Zaragoza U.
  32. SINP, Moscow
  33. Purdue U.; Bologna U.; INFN, Bologna
  34. INFN, Milan
  35. Laurentian U.; SNOLAB, Lively
  36. Gran Sasso; U. Aquila (main)
  37. Jagiellonian U.
  38. Naples U.; INFN, Naples
  39. INFN, Milan; Milan U.
  40. INFN, Turin
  41. INFN, Rome; Rome U.
  42. St. Petersburg, INP
  43. Queen's U., Kingston
  44. Princeton U.
  45. Kurchatov Inst., Moscow
  46. Belgorod State U.
  47. UC, Davis
  48. Royal Holloway, U. of London; Lancaster U.
  49. APC, Paris
  50. Liverpool U.
  51. Novosibirsk, IYF
  52. Enrico Fermi Ctr., Rome; INFN, Bologna
  53. Manchester U.
  54. Zurich, ETH
  55. Williams Coll.
  56. Hawaii U.
  57. Chicago U., KICP
  58. INFN, Bologna
  59. INFN, LNS; Split Tech. U.
  60. Beijing, Inst. High Energy Phys.
  61. U. Edinburgh
  62. Houston U.
  63. INFN, Pisa
  64. UC, Riverside
  65. Dubna, JINR
  66. Kurchatov Inst., Moscow; Moscow Phys. Eng. Inst.
  67. Laurentian U.; SNOLAB, Lively; Queen's U., Kingston
  68. Birmingham U.; Hamburg U.
  69. PNL, Richland; Temple U.
  70. Royal Holloway, U. of London; TRIUMF
  71. Coventry U.
  72. Carleton U.; GSSI, Aquila; Gran Sasso
  73. Lancaster U.
  74. Gran Sasso; Princeton U.
  75. INFN, LNS
  76. Massachusetts U., Amherst
  77. Birmingham U.
  78. Naples U.; INFN, Naples; Moscow Phys. Eng. Inst.
  79. Naples U.; INFN, Naples; Kurchatov Inst., Moscow
  80. UCLA; Los Alamos
  81. UCLA
  82. Beijing, Inst. High Energy Phys.; UCAS, Beijing
  83. Lewis - Clark Coll.
  84. Lodz, Tech. U.
  85. UCLA; Zhongshan U.
+ Show Author Affiliations

DarkSide-20k (DS-20k) is a dark matter detection experimentunder construction at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS)in Italy. It utilises ∼ 100 t of low radioactivity argon from anunderground source (UAr) in its inner detector, with half serving astarget in a dual-phase time projection chamber (TPC). The UArcryogenics system must maintain stable thermodynamic conditionsthroughout the experiment's lifetime of over10 years. Continuous removal ofimpurities and radon from the UAr is essential for maximising signalyield and mitigating background. We are developing an efficient andpowerful cryogenics system with a gas purification loop with atarget circulation rate of1000 slpm. Central to itsdesign is a condenser operated with liquid nitrogen which is pairedwith a gas heat exchanger cascade, delivering a combined coolingpower of more than 8 kW. Here wepresent the design choices in view of the DS-20k requirements, inparticular the condenser's working principle and the coolingcontrol, and we show test results obtained with a dedicatedbenchmarking platform at CERN and LNGS. We find that the thermalefficiency of the recirculation loop, defined in terms of nitrogenconsumption per argon flow rate, is95 % and the pressure in the testcryostat can be maintained within±(0.1–0.2) mbar. Wefurther detail a 5-day cool-down procedure of the test cryostat,maintaining a cooling rate typically within-2 K/h, as required for theDS-20k inner detector. Additionally, we assess the circuit's flowresistance, and the heat transfer capabilities of two heat exchangergeometries for argon phase change, used to provide gas forrecirculation. We conclude by discussing how our findings influencethe finalisation of the system design, including necessarymodifications to meet requirements and ongoing testing activities.

Research Organization:
APC, Paris; Alberta U.; Beijing, Inst. High Energy Phys.; Belgorod State U.; Birmingham U.; Bologna U.; Cagliari U.; Carleton U.; Catania U.; Catania, CSFNSM; Chicago U., KICP; Columbia U.; Columbia U., Astron. Astrophys.; Coventry U.; Dubna, JINR; Enrico Fermi Ctr., Rome; Fond. Bruno Kessler, Trento; GSSI, Aquila; Genoa U.; Gran Sasso; Hamburg U.; Hawaii U.; Houston U.; INFN, Bologna; INFN, Cagliari; INFN, Catania; INFN, Genoa; INFN, LNS; INFN, Legnaro; INFN, Milan; INFN, Naples; INFN, Pisa; INFN, Rome; INFN, Rome3; INFN, Turin; Jagiellonian U.; Kurchatov Inst., Moscow; Lancaster U.; Laurentian U.; Lewis - Clark Coll.; Liverpool U.; Lodz, Tech. U.; Lomonosov Inst. Fine Chem. Tech.; Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Madrid, CIEMAT; Manchester U.; Marseille, CPPM; Massachusetts U., Amherst; Milan Polytechnic; Milan U.; Moscow Phys. Eng. Inst.; Naples U.; Novosibirsk, IYF; Oxford U., Theor. Phys.; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Pisa U.; Polytech. Turin; Princeton U.; Purdue U.; Queen's U., Kingston; Rome III U.; Rome U.; Royal Holloway, U. of London; SINP, Moscow; SNOLAB, Lively; Sao Paulo U.; Savannah River Labs, Aiken, S.C.; Split Tech. U.; St. Petersburg, INP; TRIUMF; Temple U.; U. Aquila (main); U. Edinburgh; UC, Davis; UC, Riverside; UCAS, Beijing; UCLA; Virginia Tech.; Warsaw U. of Tech.; Warsaw, Copernicus Astron. Ctr.; Williams Coll.; Wisconsin U., River Falls; Zaragoza U.; Zhongshan U.; Zurich, ETH
Sponsoring Organization:
US Department of Energy
Grant/Contract Number:
89243024CSC000002
OSTI ID:
2530135
Report Number(s):
FERMILAB-PUB-24-0982-V; arXiv:2408.14071; oai:inspirehep.net:2821722
Journal Information:
JINST, Journal Name: JINST Journal Issue: 02 Vol. 20
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS
cryogenics
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time projection chambers (TPC)