Structural decomposition of merger-free galaxies hosting luminous AGNs

Fahey, Matthew J.; Garland, Izzy L.; Simmons, Brooke D.; Keel, William C.; Shanahan, Jesse; Coil, Alison; Glikman, Eilat; Lintott, Chris J.; Masters, Karen L.; Moran, Ed; Smethurst, Rebecca J.; Géron, Tobias; Thorne, Matthew R.

doi:10.1093/mnras/staf239

Title: Structural decomposition of merger-free galaxies hosting luminous AGNs

Journal Article · 06 February 2025 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf239 · OSTI ID:2522115

Fahey, Matthew J.;

;

; Shanahan, Jesse; Coil, Alison; Glikman, Eilat;

;

; Moran, Ed;

;

; Thorne, Matthew R.

ABSTRACT Active galactic nucleus (AGN) growth in disc-dominated, merger-free galaxies is poorly understood, largely due to the difficulty in disentangling the AGN emission from that of the host galaxy. By carefully separating this emission, we examine the differences between AGNs in galaxies hosting a (possibly) merger-grown, classical bulge, and AGNs in secularly grown, truly bulgeless disc galaxies. We use galfit to obtain robust, accurate morphologies of 100 disc-dominated galaxies imaged with the Hubble Space Telescope. Adopting an inclusive definition of classical bulges, we detect a classical bulge component in $$53.3 \pm 0.5$$ per cent of the galaxies. These bulges were not visible in Sloan Digital Sky Survey photometry, however these galaxies are still unambiguously disc-dominated, with an average bulge-to-total luminosity ratio of $$0.1 \pm 0.1$$. We find some correlation between bulge mass and black hole mass for disc-dominated galaxies, though this correlation is significantly weaker in comparison to the relation for bulge-dominated or elliptical galaxies. Furthermore, a significant fraction ($$\gtrsim 90$$ per cent) of our black holes are overly massive when compared to the relationship for elliptical galaxies. We find a weak correlation between total stellar mass and black hole mass for the disc-dominated galaxies, hinting that the stochasticity of black hole–galaxy co-evolution may be higher in disc-dominated than bulge-dominated systems.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

OSTI ID:: 2522115

Journal Information:: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 537; ISSN 0035-8711

Publisher:: Oxford University PressCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

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Evolution of density profiles in high- z galaxies: compaction and quenching inside-out Tacchella, Sandro; Dekel, Avishai; Carollo, C. Marcella Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 458, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw303	journal	February 2016
The growth of discs and bulges during hierarchical galaxy formation – I. Fast evolution versus secular processes Tonini, C.; Mutch, S. J.; Croton, D. J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 459, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw956	journal	April 2016
Supermassive black holes in disc-dominated galaxies outgrow their bulges and co-evolve with their host galaxies Simmons, B. D.; Smethurst, R. J.; Lintott, C. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 470, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1340	journal	May 2017
The unorthodox evolution of major merger remnants into star-forming spiral galaxies Sparre, Martin; Springel, Volker Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 470, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1516	journal	June 2017
Transient spiral structure and the disc velocity substructure in Gaia DR2 Hunt, Jason A. S.; Hong, Jack; Bovy, Jo Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 481, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2532	journal	September 2018
Angular momentum evolution of bulge stars in disc galaxies in NIHAO Wang, Liang; Obreschkow, Danail; Lagos, Claudia del P. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 482, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3010	journal	November 2018
Normal black holes in bulge-less galaxies: the largely quiescent, merger-free growth of black holes over cosmic time Martin, G.; Kaviraj, S.; Volonteri, M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 476, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty324	journal	February 2018
Secularly powered outflows from AGNs: the dominance of non-merger driven supermassive black hole growth Smethurst, R. J.; Simmons, B. D.; Lintott, C. J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 489, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2443	journal	September 2019
Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment Hunter, John D. Computing in Science & Engineering, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2007.55	journal	January 2007
The NumPy Array: A Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation van der Walt, Stéfan; Colbert, S. Chris; Varoquaux, Gaël Computing in Science & Engineering, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2011.37	journal	March 2011
Nuclear spirals in galaxies: gas response to an asymmetric potential - II. Hydrodynamical models Maciejewski, Witold Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 354, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08254.x	journal	November 2004
How do galaxies get their gas? Kere , D.; Katz, N.; Weinberg, D. H. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 363, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09451.x	journal	October 2005
The many lives of active galactic nuclei: cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colours of galaxies Croton, Darren J.; Springel, Volker; White, Simon D. M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 365, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09675.x	journal	January 2006
Galaxy bimodality versus stellar mass and environment Baldry, I. K.; Balogh, M. L.; Bower, R. G. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 373, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11081.x	journal	December 2006
Image decomposition of barred galaxies and AGN hosts Alexei Gadotti, Dimitri Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 384, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12723.x	journal	February 2008
Structural properties of pseudo-bulges, classical bulges and elliptical galaxies: a Sloan Digital Sky Survey perspective Gadotti, Dimitri A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 393, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14257.x	journal	March 2009
The formation and survival of discs in a ΛCDM universe Scannapieco, Cecilia; White, Simon D. M.; Springel, Volker Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 396, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14764.x	journal	June 2009
Host galaxy morphologies of X-ray selected AGN: assessing the significance of different black hole fuelling mechanisms to the accretion density of the Universe at z ∼ 1. Georgakakis, A.; Coil, A. L.; Laird, E. S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 397, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14951.x	journal	August 2009
The effects of an active galactic nucleus on host galaxy colour and morphology measurements Pierce, C. M.; Lotz, J. M.; Primack, J. R. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16502.x	journal	March 2010
How do massive black holes get their gas?: How do massive black holes get their gas? Hopkins, Philip F.; Quataert, Eliot Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 407, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17064.x	journal	July 2010
Galaxy Zoo: bars in disc galaxies★: Galaxy Zoo: bars in disc galaxies Masters, Karen L.; Nichol, Robert C.; Hoyle, Ben Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 411, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17834.x	journal	November 2010
The ATLAS3D project - III. A census of the stellar angular momentum within the effective radius of early-type galaxies: unveiling the distribution of fast and slow rotators: Census of the stellar angular momentum in ETGs Emsellem, Eric; Cappellari, Michele; Krajnović, Davor Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 414, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18496.x	journal	May 2011
Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): stellar mass estimates: GAMA: stellar mass estimates Taylor, Edward N.; Hopkins, Andrew M.; Baldry, Ivan K. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 418, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19536.x	journal	November 2011
Hierarchical formation of bulgeless galaxies - II. Redistribution of angular momentum via galactic fountains: Bulgeless discs II Brook, C. B.; Stinson, G.; Gibson, B. K. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 419, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19740.x	journal	October 2011
Galaxy Zoo: the environmental dependence of bars and bulges in disc galaxies: Environmental dependence of bars and bulges Skibba, Ramin A.; Masters, Karen L.; Nichol, Robert C. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 423, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20972.x	journal	April 2012
The origin of discs and spheroids in simulated galaxies: Origin of galaxy morphology Sales, Laura V.; Navarro, Julio F.; Theuns, Tom Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 423, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20975.x	journal	May 2012
Stellar feedback and bulge formation in clumpy discs: Feedback and clump coalescence Hopkins, Philip F.; Kereš, Dusan; Murray, Norman Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 427, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21981.x	journal	November 2012
Heavily obscured quasar host galaxies at are discs, not major mergers★: Heavily obscured quasar host galaxies Schawinski, Kevin; Simmons, Brooke D.; Urry, C. Megan Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 425, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3933.2012.01302.x	journal	July 2012
Intermediate-Mass Black Holes Greene, Jenny E.; Strader, Jay; Ho, Luis C. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 58, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021835	journal	August 2020
The Coevolution of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes: Insights from Surveys of the Contemporary Universe Heckman, Timothy M.; Best, Philip N. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 52, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-035722	journal	August 2014
Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies Kormendy, John; Ho, Luis C. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 51, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101811	journal	August 2013
Secular Evolution and the Formation of Pseudobulges in Disk Galaxies Kormendy, John; Kennicutt, Robert C. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 42, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.42.053102.134024	journal	September 2004
Stellar Mass-to-light Ratios: Composite Bulge+Disk Models and the Baryonic Tully–Fisher Relation Schombert, James; McGaugh, Stacy; Lelli, Federico The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 163, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac5249	journal	March 2022
ALMA Observations Show Major Mergers Among the Host Galaxies of Fast-growing, High-redshift, Supermassive Black Holes Trakhtenbrot, Benny; Lira, Paulina; Netzer, Hagai The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 836, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/8	journal	February 2017
Galaxy-scale Bars in Late-type Sloan Digital Sky Survey Galaxies Do Not Influence the Average Accretion Rates of Supermassive Black Holes Goulding, A. D.; Matthaey, E.; Greene, J. E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 843, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa755b	journal	July 2017
Major Mergers Are Not the Dominant Trigger for High-accretion AGNs at z ∼ 2 Marian, Victor; Jahnke, Knud; Mechtley, Mira The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab385b	journal	September 2019
New Horizon: On the Origin of the Stellar Disk and Spheroid of Field Galaxies at z = 0.7 Park, Min-Jung; Yi, Sukyoung K.; Dubois, Yohan The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3afe	journal	September 2019
A New Channel of Bulge Formation via the Destruction of Short Bars Guo, Minghao; Du, Min; Ho, Luis C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 888, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab584a	journal	January 2020
The Discovery of a Hidden Broad-line AGN in a Bulgeless Galaxy: Keck NIR Spectroscopic Observations of SDSS J085153.64+392611.76 Bohn, Thomas; Canalizo, Gabriela; Satyapal, Shobita The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 899, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aba52c	journal	August 2020
Galaxy Mergers up to z < 2.5. II. AGN Incidence in Merging Galaxies at Separations of 3–15 kpc Silva, Andrea; Marchesini, Danilo; Silverman, John D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 909, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abdbb1	journal	March 2021
A Near-infrared Look at AGN Feedback in Bulgeless Galaxies Bohn, Thomas; Canalizo, Gabriela; Satyapal, Shobita The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 931, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6870	journal	May 2022
The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package* The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 935, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c74	journal	August 2022
The 16th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra Ahumada, Romina; Prieto, Carlos Allende; Almeida, Andrés The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 249, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab929e	journal	June 2020
Galaxies Grow Their Bulges and Black Holes in Diverse Ways Bell, Eric F.; Monachesi, Antonela; Harmsen, Benjamin The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 837, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa6158	journal	March 2017
Dynamical Structure of Small Bulges Reveals Their Early Formation in ΛCDM Paradigm Costantin, Luca; Méndez-Abreu, Jairo; Corsini, Enrico M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 889, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab6459	journal	January 2020

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