The luminous, slow-rising orphan afterglow AT2019pim as a candidate moderately relativistic outflow

Perley, Daniel A.; Ho, Anna Y. Q.; Fausnaugh, Michael; Lamb, Gavin P.; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Ahumada, Tomas; Anand, Shreya; Andreoni, Igor; Bellm, Eric; Bhalerao, Varun; Bolin, Bryce; Brink, Thomas G.; Burns, Eric; Cenko, S. Bradley; Corsi, Alessandra; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Frederiks, Dmitry; Goldstein, Adam; Hamburg, Rachel; Jayaraman, Rahul; Jonker, Peter G.; Kool, Erik C.; Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.; Kumar, Harsh; Laher, Russ; Levan, Andrew; Lysenko, Alexandra; Perley, Richard A.; Ricker, George R.; Riddle, Reed; Ridnaia, Anna; Rusholme, Ben; Smith, Roger; Svinkin, Dmitry; Ulanov, Mikhail; Vanderspek, Roland; Waratkar, Gaurav; Yao, Yuhan

doi:10.1093/mnras/staf125

Title: The luminous, slow-rising orphan afterglow AT2019pim as a candidate moderately relativistic outflow

Journal Article · 21 January 2025 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf125 · OSTI ID:2513568

; Ho, Anna Y. Q.; Fausnaugh, Michael;

;

; Ahumada, Tomas;

; Andreoni, Igor; Bellm, Eric; Bhalerao, Varun;

; Brink, Thomas G.; Burns, Eric; Cenko, S. Bradley; Corsi, Alessandra; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Frederiks, Dmitry; Goldstein, Adam; Hamburg, Rachel; Jayaraman, Rahul more »

ABSTRACT Classical gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have two distinct emission episodes: prompt emission from ultrarelativistic ejecta and afterglow from shocked circumstellar material. While both components are extremely luminous in known GRBs, a variety of scenarios predict the existence of luminous afterglow emission with little or no associated high-energy prompt emission. We present AT 2019pim, the first spectroscopically confirmed afterglow with no observed high-energy emission to be identified. Serendipitously discovered during follow-up observations of a gravitational-wave trigger and located in a contemporaneous TESS sector, it is hallmarked by a fast-rising ($$t \approx 2$$ h), luminous ($$M_{\rm UV,peak} \approx -24.4$$ mag) optical transient with accompanying luminous X-ray and radio emission. No gamma-ray emission consistent with the time and location of the transient was detected by Fermi-GBM or by Konus, placing constraining limits on an accompanying GRB. We investigate several independent observational aspects of the afterglow in the context of constraints on relativistic motion and find all of them are consistent with an initial Lorentz factor of $$\Gamma _0 \approx$$ 10–30 for the on-axis material, significantly lower than in any well-observed GRB and consistent with the theoretically predicted ‘dirty fireball’ scenario in which the high-energy prompt emission is stifled by pair production. However, we cannot rule out a structured jet model in which only the line-of-sight material was ejected at low-$$\Gamma$$, off-axis from a classical high-$$\Gamma$$ jet core, and an on-axis GRB with below-average gamma-ray efficiency also remains a possibility. This event represents a milestone in orphan afterglow searches, demonstrating that luminous optical afterglows lacking detected GRB counterparts can be identified and spectroscopically confirmed in real time.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

OSTI ID:: 2513568

Journal Information:: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 537; ISSN 0035-8711

Publisher:: Oxford University PressCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

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The Zwicky Transient Facility: Science Objectives Graham, Matthew J.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Bellm, Eric C. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 131, Issue 1001 https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ab006c	journal	May 2019
The Zwicky Transient Facility: Surveys and Scheduler Bellm, Eric C.; Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.; Barlow, Tom Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 131, Issue 1000 https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ab0c2a	journal	April 2019
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An Unexpectedly Small Emission Region Size Inferred from Strong High-frequency Diffractive Scintillation in GRB 161219B Alexander, K. D.; Laskar, T.; Berger, E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 870, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf19d	journal	January 2019
Constraints on the Environment and Energetics of the Broad-line Ic SN2014ad from Deep Radio and X-Ray Observations Marongiu, M.; Guidorzi, C.; Margutti, R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 879, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab25ef	journal	July 2019
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Mg ii Absorbers in High-resolution Quasar Spectra. I. Voigt Profile Models Churchill, Christopher W.; Evans, Jessica L.; Stemock, Bryson The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 904, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abbb34	journal	November 2020
ZTF20aajnksq (AT 2020blt): A Fast Optical Transient at z ≈ 2.9 with No Detected Gamma-Ray Burst Counterpart Ho, Anna Y. Q.; Perley, Daniel A.; Beniamini, Paz The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 905, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc34d	journal	December 2020
Early-time Light Curves of Type Ia Supernovae Observed with TESS Fausnaugh, M. M.; Vallely, P. J.; Kochanek, C. S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 908, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abcd42	journal	February 2021
Fast-transient Searches in Real Time with ZTFReST: Identification of Three Optically Discovered Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows and New Constraints on the Kilonova Rate Andreoni, Igor; Coughlin, Michael W.; Kool, Erik C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 918, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0bc7	journal	September 2021
Cosmological Fast Optical Transients with the Zwicky Transient Facility: A Search for Dirty Fireballs Ho, Anna Y. Q.; Perley, Daniel A.; Yao, Yuhan The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 938, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac8bd0	journal	October 2022
Four Years of Type Ia Supernovae Observed by TESS: Early-time Light-curve Shapes and Constraints on Companion Interaction Models Fausnaugh, M. M.; Vallely, P. J.; Tucker, M. A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 956, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aceaef	journal	October 2023
The On-axis Jetted Tidal Disruption Event AT2022cmc: X-Ray Observations and Broadband Spectral Modeling Yao, Yuhan; Lu, Wenbin; Harrison, Fiona The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 965, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2b6b	journal	April 2024
Gamma-Ray Bursts Observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite: Prompt Optical Counterparts and Afterglows of Swift-XRT-localized Gamma-Ray Bursts Jayaraman, Rahul; Fausnaugh, Michael; Ricker, George R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 972, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad5e7b	journal	September 2024
iPTF Archival Search for Fast Optical Transients Ho, Anna Y. Q.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Nugent, Peter E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 854, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaaa62	journal	February 2018
Discovery of the Luminous, Decades-long, Extragalactic Radio Transient FIRST J141918.9+394036 Law, C. J.; Gaensler, B. M.; Metzger, B. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 866, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aae5f3	journal	October 2018
Simultaneous Observations of the Northern TESS Sectors by the Zwicky Transient Facility van Roestel, Jan; Bellm, Eric C.; Duev, Dmitry A. Research Notes of the AAS, Vol. 3, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/ab459c	journal	September 2019
JWST detection of heavy neutron capture elements in a compact object merger Levan, A.; Gompertz, B. P.; Salafia, O. S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.02098	text	January 2023
VLT observations of GRB 990510 and its environment Beuermann, K.; Hessman, F. V.; Reinsch, K. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9909043	preprint	January 1999

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