Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Water Electrolysis: Cell-Level Considerations for Gigawatt-Scale Deployment

Wang, Cliffton Ray; Stansberry, John M.; Mukundan, Rangachary; Chang, Hung-Ming Joseph; Kulkarni, Devashish; Park, Andrew M.; Plymill, Austin B.; Firas, Nausir Mahmoud; Liu, Christopher Pantayatiwong; Lang, Jack T.; Lee, Jason Keonhag; Tolouei, Nadia E.; Morimoto, Yu; Wang, CH; Zhu, Gaohua; Brouwer, Jack; Atanassov, Plamen; Capuano, Christopher B.; Mittelsteadt, Cortney; Peng, Xiong; Zenyuk, Iryna V.

doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00904

Title: Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Water Electrolysis: Cell-Level Considerations for Gigawatt-Scale Deployment

Journal Article · 03 February 2025 · Chemical Reviews

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00904 · OSTI ID:2510896

Wang, Cliffton Ray ^[1]; Stansberry, John M. ^[1]; Mukundan, Rangachary ^[2]; Chang, Hung-Ming Joseph ^[1]; Kulkarni, Devashish ^[3]; Park, Andrew M. ^[4]; Plymill, Austin B. ^[4];

^[1]; Liu, Christopher Pantayatiwong ^[1];

^[1]; Lee, Jason Keonhag ^[5]; Tolouei, Nadia E. ^[1];

^[1]; Wang, CH ^[6]; Zhu, Gaohua ^[7]; Brouwer, Jack ^[1];

^[1]; Capuano, Christopher B. ^[3]; Mittelsteadt, Cortney ^[8];

^[2] more »

University of California, Irvine, CA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Nel Hydrogen, Wallingford, CT (United States)
The Chemours Company, Newark, DE (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); University of Victoria, British Columbia (Canada)
TreadStone Technologies, Inc., Princeton, NJ (United States)
Toyota Research Institute of North America, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
Plug Power, Concord, MA (United States)

Hydrogen produced with no greenhouse gas emissions is termed “green hydrogen” and will be essential to reaching decarbonization targets set forth by nearly every country as per the Paris Agreement. Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are expected to contribute substantially to the green hydrogen market. However, PEMWE market penetration is insignificant, accounting for less than a gigawatt of global capacity. Achieving substantive decarbonization via green hydrogen will require PEMWEs to reach capacities of hundreds of gigawatts by 2030. This paper serves as an overarching roadmap for cell-level improvements necessary for gigawatt-scale PEMWE deployment, with insights from three well-established hydrogen technology companies included. Analyses will be presented for economies of scale, renewable energy prices, government policies, accelerated stress tests, and component-specific improvements.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); University of California, Irvine, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program; US Department of Energy; USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologies Office (HFTO); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Fuel Cell Technologies Office; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; EE0008836; EE0009238

OSTI ID:: 2510896

Journal Information:: Chemical Reviews, Journal Name: Chemical Reviews Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 125; ISSN 0009-2665

Publisher:: American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (303)

Manufacturing of Large‐Scale Titanium‐Based Porous Transport Layers for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis by Tape Casting Hackemüller, Franz Josef; Borgardt, Elena; Panchenko, Olha Advanced Engineering Materials, Vol. 21, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201801201	journal	February 2019
Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Media Lin, Yichao; Dong, Yan; Wang, Xuezhen Advanced Materials, Vol. 35, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202210565	journal	April 2023
Insights into Interfacial and Bulk Transport Phenomena Affecting Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer Performance at Ultra‐Low Iridium Loadings Peng, Xiong; Satjaritanun, Pongsarun; Taie, Zachary Advanced Science, Vol. 8, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202102950	journal	September 2021
Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Environments - Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysts Reier, Tobias; Nong, Hong Nhan; Teschner, Detre Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201601275	journal	October 2016
Hierarchically Structured Porous Transport Layers for Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis Schuler, Tobias; Ciccone, Joseph M.; Krentscher, Bernd Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903216	journal	November 2019
All‐Hydrocarbon MEA for PEM Water Electrolysis Combining Low Hydrogen Crossover and High Efficiency Klose, Carolin; Saatkamp, Torben; Münchinger, Andreas Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903995	journal	February 2020
Exploring the Interface of Skin‐Layered Titanium Fibers for Electrochemical Water Splitting Liu, Chang; Shviro, Meital; Gago, Aldo S. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202002926	journal	January 2021
Porous Transport Layers for Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Under Extreme Conditions of Current Density, Temperature, and Pressure Stiber, Svenja; Balzer, Harald; Wierhake, Astrid Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202100630	journal	July 2021
Nanoporous Iridium Nanosheets for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis Chatterjee, Swarnendu; Peng, Xiong; Intikhab, Saad Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202101438	journal	July 2021
Essentials of High Performance Water Electrolyzers – From Catalyst Layer Materials to Electrode Engineering Pham, Chuyen Van; Escalera‐López, Daniel; Mayrhofer, Karl Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202101998	journal	October 2021
Fully Hydrocarbon Membrane Electrode Assemblies for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers: An Engineering Perspective Nguyen, Hien; Klose, Carolin; Metzler, Lukas Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103559	journal	February 2022
Polymer Membranes for Fuel Cells Scherer, Günther G. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie, Vol. 94, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19900940926	journal	September 1990
Oxygen Evolution Catalysts Based on Ir-Ti Mixed Oxides with Templated Mesopore Structure: Impact of Ir on Activity and Conductivity Bernsmeier, Denis; Bernicke, Michael; Schmack, Roman ChemSusChem, Vol. 11, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201800932	journal	July 2018
A review of the porous transport layer in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis Doan, Tuan Linh; Lee, Han Eol; Shah, Syed Shabbar Hassan International Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 45, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/er.6739	journal	April 2021
Review on bipolar plates for low‐temperature polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzer Teuku, Husaini; Alshami, Ibrahim; Goh, Jonathan International Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 45, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7182	journal	August 2021
Effect of low voltage limit on degradation mechanism during high‐frequency dynamic load in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis Voronova, Anastasiia; Kim, Hyoung‐Juhn; Jang, Jong Hyun International Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 46, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7953	journal	April 2022
New Preparation Methods for Composite Membranes for Medium Temperature Fuel Cells Based on Precursor Solutions of Insoluble Inorganic Compounds Alberti, G.; Casciola, M.; Pica, M. Fuel Cells, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.200400070	journal	August 2005
Water Management in A PEMFC: Water Transport Mechanism and Material Degradation in Gas Diffusion Layers Kandlikar, S. G.; Garofalo, M. L.; Lu, Z. Fuel Cells, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201000172	journal	December 2011
Humidity and Temperature Cycling Effects on Cracks and Delaminations in PEMFCs Banan, R.; Zu, J.; Bazylak, A. Fuel Cells, Vol. 15, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201400118	journal	February 2015
Aspects of fatigue failure mechanisms in polymer fuel cell membranes Kusoglu, Ahmet; Santare, Michael H.; Karlsson, Anette M. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 49, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.22336	journal	August 2011
Enhancing PEM water electrolysis efficiency by reducing the extent of Ti gas diffusion layer passivation Bystron, T.; Vesely, M.; Paidar, M. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 48, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-018-1174-6	journal	March 2018
A review of water electrolysis–based systems for hydrogen production using hybrid/solar/wind energy systems Nasser, Mohamed; Megahed, Tamer F.; Ookawara, Shinichi Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 29, Issue 58 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23323-y	journal	October 2022
Three-dimensional multiphase modeling of a proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell with a new interdigitated-jet hole flow field Wang, XueYe; Wang, ZhiMing; Feng, YuanCheng Science China Technological Sciences, Vol. 65, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-022-2026-6	journal	April 2022
Passive electrochemical hydrogen recombiner for hydrogen safety systems: prospects Avdeenkov, A. V.; Bessarabov, D. G.; Zaryugin, D. G. Nuclear Science and Techniques, Vol. 34, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-023-01245-9	journal	June 2023
PEM water electrolysis for hydrogen production: fundamentals, advances, and prospects Wang, Tongzhou; Cao, Xuejie; Jiao, Lifang Carbon Neutrality, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s43979-022-00022-8	journal	June 2022
Temperature dependence of the resistivity of RuO2 and IrO2 Ryden, W. D.; Lawson, A. W.; Sartain, C. C. Physics Letters A, Vol. 26, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(68)90126-6	journal	January 1968
Electrocatalysis: understanding the success of DSA® Trasatti, S. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 45, Issue 15-16 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00338-8	journal	May 2000
Nafion® 115/zirconium phosphate composite membranes for operation of PEMFCs above 100°C Costamagna, P.; Yang, C.; Bocarsly, A. B. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 47, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00829-5	journal	January 2002
Investigation of a direct methanol fuel cell based on a composite Nafion®-silica electrolyte for high temperature operation Antonucci, P. L.; Aricò, A. S.; Cretı̀, P. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 125, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(99)00206-4	journal	October 1999
On the development of proton conducting polymer membranes for hydrogen and methanol fuel cells Kreuer, K. D. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 185, Issue 1, p. 29-39 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00632-3	journal	April 2001
Influence of iridium oxide loadings on the performance of PEM water electrolysis cells: Part II – Advanced oxygen electrodes Rozain, Caroline; Mayousse, Eric; Guillet, Nicolas Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 182 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.09.011	journal	March 2016
Nano-size IrOx catalyst of high activity and stability in PEM water electrolyzer with ultra-low iridium loading Yu, Haoran; Danilovic, Nemanja; Wang, Yang Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 239 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.07.064	journal	December 2018
Microscopic insights on the degradation of a PEM water electrolyzer with ultra-low catalyst loading Yu, Haoran; Bonville, Leonard; Jankovic, Jasna Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 260 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118194	journal	January 2020
IrO2 coated TiO2 core-shell microparticles advance performance of low loading proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers Pham, Chuyen Van; Bühler, Melanie; Knöppel, Julius Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 269 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118762	journal	July 2020
Elucidating effects of catalyst loadings and porous transport layer morphologies on operation of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers Kulkarni, Devashish; Huynh, Alex; Satjaritanun, Pongsarun Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 308 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121213	journal	July 2022
Projecting cost development for future large-scale power-to-gas implementations by scaling effects Böhm, Hans; Zauner, Andreas; Rosenfeld, Daniel C. Applied Energy, Vol. 264 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114780	journal	April 2020
Durability of a recombination catalyst-based membrane-electrode assembly for electrolysis operation at high current density Pantò, Fabiola; Siracusano, Stefania; Briguglio, Nicola Applied Energy, Vol. 279 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115809	journal	December 2020
Uncovering the true cost of hydrogen production routes using life cycle monetisation Al-Qahtani, Amjad; Parkinson, Brett; Hellgardt, Klaus Applied Energy, Vol. 281 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115958	journal	January 2021
Investigation on performance of proton exchange membrane electrolyzer with different flow field structures Lin, Rui; Lu, Ying; Xu, Ji Applied Energy, Vol. 326 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120011	journal	November 2022
Interfacial engineering via laser ablation for high-performing PEM water electrolysis Lee, Jason K.; Schuler, Tobias; Bender, Guido Applied Energy, Vol. 336 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120853	journal	April 2023
Highly conductive titania supported iridium oxide nanoparticles with low overall iridium density as OER catalyst for large-scale PEM electrolysis Böhm, Daniel; Beetz, Michael; Gebauer, Christian Applied Materials Today, Vol. 24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2021.101134	journal	September 2021
Perspectives on current and future iridium demand and iridium oxide catalysts for PEM water electrolysis Clapp, Mark; Zalitis, Christopher M.; Ryan, Margery Catalysis Today, Vol. 420 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2023.114140	journal	August 2023
Hydrogen Production, Distribution, Storage and Power Conversion in a Hydrogen Economy - A Technology Review Tashie-Lewis, Bernard Chukwudi; Nnabuife, Somtochukwu Godfrey Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, Vol. 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100172	journal	November 2021
Methods identifying cost reduction potential for water electrolysis systems Badgett, Alex; Ruth, Mark; James, Brian Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, Vol. 33 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2021.100714	journal	September 2021
High efficiency PEM water electrolysis: enabled by advanced catalysts, membranes, and processes Ayers, Katherine Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, Vol. 33 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2021.100719	journal	September 2021
Platinum group metal free nano-catalysts for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis Liu, Lifeng Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, Vol. 34 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2021.100743	journal	December 2021
Impact of ionomer adsorption on alkaline hydrogen oxidation activity and fuel cell performance Li, Dongguo; Chung, Hoon T.; Maurya, Sandip Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, Vol. 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2018.11.012	journal	December 2018
The potential of proton exchange membrane–based electrolysis technology Ayers, Katherine Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, Vol. 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2019.08.008	journal	December 2019
Toward developing accelerated stress tests for proton exchange membrane electrolyzers Aßmann, Pia; Gago, Aldo Saul; Gazdzicki, Pawel Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, Vol. 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2020.02.024	journal	June 2020
Effect of Microstructure of Porous Transport Layer on Performance in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolyser Majasan, Jude O.; Iacoviello, Francesco; Shearing, Paul R. Energy Procedia, Vol. 151 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.09.035	journal	October 2018
In situ characterisation of PEM water electrolysers using a novel reference electrode Brightman, Edward; Dodwell, James; van Dijk, Nick Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 52 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2015.01.005	journal	March 2015
Probing water distribution in compressed fuel-cell gas-diffusion layers using X-ray computed tomography Zenyuk, Iryna V.; Parkinson, Dilworth Y.; Hwang, Gisuk Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 53 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2015.02.005	journal	April 2015
Performance enhancement of PEM electrolyzers through iridium-coated titanium porous transport layers Liu, Chang; Carmo, Marcelo; Bender, Guido Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 97 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2018.10.021	journal	December 2018
High temperature operation of a composite membrane-based solid polymer electrolyte water electrolyser Antonucci, V.; Di Blasi, A.; Baglio, V. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 53, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.04.009	journal	October 2008
Preparation and characterization of titanium suboxides as conductive supports of IrO2 electrocatalysts for application in SPE electrolysers Siracusano, S.; Baglio, V.; D’Urso, C. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 54, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.05.094	journal	November 2009
High-pressure water electrolysis: Electrochemical mitigation of product gas crossover Schalenbach, Maximilian; Stolten, Detlef Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 156 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.010	journal	February 2015
The influence of Ferric ion contamination on the solid polymer electrolyte water electrolysis performance Wang, Xunying; Zhang, Linsong; Li, Guangfu Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 158 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.140	journal	March 2015
Metal Carbide and Oxide Supports for Iridium-Based Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts for Polymer-Electrolyte-Membrane Water Electrolysis Karimi, Fatemeh; Peppley, Brant A. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 246 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.06.048	journal	August 2017
Operando X-ray tomography and sub-second radiography for characterizing transport in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer Leonard, Emily; Shum, Andrew D.; Normile, Stanley Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 276 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.144	journal	June 2018
The stability challenge on the pathway to high-current-density polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers Rakousky, Christoph; Keeley, Gareth P.; Wippermann, Klaus Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 278 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.154	journal	July 2018
Towards uniformly distributed heat, mass and charge: A flow field design study for high pressure and high current density operation of PEM electrolysis cells Olesen, Anders Christian; Frensch, Steffen Henrik; Kær, Søren Knudsen Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 293 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.10.008	journal	January 2019
Analysis of oxygen evolving catalyst coated membranes with different current collectors using a new modified rotating disk electrode technique Kroschel, Matthias; Bonakdarpour, Arman; Kwan, Jason Tai Hong Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 317 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.011	journal	September 2019
Insight into elevated temperature and thin membrane application for high efficiency in polymer electrolyte water electrolysis Garbe, Steffen; Futter, Jonas; Schmidt, Thomas J. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 377 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138046	journal	May 2021
Hydrogen crossover in proton exchange membrane electrolysers: The effect of current density, pressure, temperature, and compression Omrani, Reza; Shabani, Bahman Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 377 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138085	journal	May 2021
Energy and exergy analysis of hydrogen production by a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer plant Ni, Meng; Leung, Michael K. H.; Leung, Dennis Y. C. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 49, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.03.018	journal	October 2008
Spatially graded porous transport layers for gas evolving electrochemical energy conversion: High performance polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers Lee, Jason K.; Lee, ChungHyuk; Fahy, Kieran F. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 226 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113545	journal	December 2020
The case for high-pressure PEM water electrolysis Hancke, Ragnhild; Holm, Thomas; Ulleberg, Øystein Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 261 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115642	journal	June 2022
Effective utilization of by-product oxygen from electrolysis hydrogen production Kato, Takeyoshi; Kubota, Mitsuhiro; Kobayashi, Noriyuki Energy, Vol. 30, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2004.07.004	journal	November 2005
Electrochemical investigation of electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in PEM water electrolyzers Song, Shidong; Zhang, Huamin; Ma, Xiaoping International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 33, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.06.039	journal	October 2008
Hydrogen safety aspects related to high-pressure polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis Grigoriev, S. A.; Millet, P.; Korobtsev, S. V. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.01.047	journal	July 2009
Analysis of water transport in a high pressure PEM electrolyzer Medina, P.; Santarelli, M. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.02.130	journal	June 2010
Phosphoric acid doped membranes based on Nafion®, PBI and their blends – Membrane preparation, characterization and steam electrolysis testing Aili, David; Hansen, Martin Kalmar; Pan, Chao International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 36, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.03.058	journal	June 2011
Non-conductive TiO2 as the anode catalyst support for PEM water electrolysis Mazúr, Petr; Polonský, Jakub; Paidar, Martin International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.05.129	journal	September 2012
Cell failure mechanisms in PEM water electrolyzers Millet, P.; Ranjbari, A.; de Guglielmo, F. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.06.017	journal	November 2012
A comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis Carmo, Marcelo; Fritz, David L.; Mergel, Jürgen International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38, Issue 12, p. 4901-4934 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.01.151	journal	April 2013
Factors enabling high mobility of protons and water in perfluorosulfonate membranes under low hydration conditions Maalouf, Manale; Sun, Che-Nan; Pyle, Brandon International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 39, Issue 6, p. 2795-2800 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.11.006	journal	February 2014
Performance of a PEM water electrolyser using a TaC-supported iridium oxide electrocatalyst Polonský, J.; Mazúr, P.; Paidar, M. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 39, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.12.085	journal	February 2014
Investigation of stamping process of metallic bipolar plates in PEM fuel cell—Numerical simulation and experiments Hu, Qinghui; Zhang, Dongming; Fu, Hao International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 39, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.01.201	journal	August 2014
Failure of PEM water electrolysis cells: Case study involving anode dissolution and membrane thinning Grigoriev, S. A.; Dzhus, K. A.; Bessarabov, D. G. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 39, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.05.043	journal	December 2014
Membrane degradation in PEM water electrolyzer: Numerical modeling and experimental evidence of the influence of temperature and current density Chandesris, M.; Médeau, V.; Guillet, N. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 40, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.11.111	journal	January 2015
Environmental impact assessment and comparison of some hydrogen production options Suleman, F.; Dincer, I.; Agelin-Chaab, M. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 40, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.03.123	journal	June 2015
Investigation on the degradation of MEAs for PEM water electrolysers part I: Effects of testing conditions on MEA performances and membrane properties Fouda-Onana, F.; Chandesris, M.; Médeau, V. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 41, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.07.125	journal	October 2016
Future cost and performance of water electrolysis: An expert elicitation study Schmidt, O.; Gambhir, A.; Staffell, I. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 42, Issue 52 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.045	journal	December 2017
The investment costs of electrolysis – A comparison of cost studies from the past 30 years Saba, Sayed M.; Müller, Martin; Robinius, Martin International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 43, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.11.115	journal	January 2018
Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment of hydrogen production from different biomass gasification processes Salkuyeh, Yaser Khojasteh; Saville, Bradley A.; MacLean, Heather L. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 43, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.024	journal	May 2018
Developing titanium micro/nano porous layers on planar thin/tunable LGDLs for high-efficiency hydrogen production Kang, Zhenye; Yang, Gaoqiang; Mo, Jingke International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 43, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.05.139	journal	August 2018
State-of-the art CAPEX data for water electrolysers, and their impact on renewable hydrogen price settings Proost, Joris International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 44, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.07.164	journal	February 2019
An analysis of PEM water electrolysis cells operating at elevated current densities Villagra, A.; Millet, P. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 44, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.179	journal	April 2019
Corrosion-protection of moulded graphite conductive plastic bipolar plates in PEM electrolysis by plasma processing Wilhelm Sievers, Gustav; Anklam, Kirsten; Henkel, Rouven International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 44, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.12.020	journal	January 2019
Nonequilibrium poroelectroelastic theory for polymer electrolytes under conditions of water electrolysis Kalinnikov, A. A.; Grigoriev, S. A.; Bessarabov, D. G. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 44, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.025	journal	March 2019
Influence of the operation mode on PEM water electrolysis degradation Frensch, Steffen Henrik; Fouda-Onana, Frédéric; Serre, Guillaume International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 44, Issue 57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.09.169	journal	November 2019
Study of thickness distribution and dimensional accuracy of stamped metallic bipolar plates Barzegari, Mohammad M.; Khatir, Farzad Ahmadi International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 44, Issue 59 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.09.225	journal	November 2019
Water transport according to temperature and current in PEM water electrolyzer Shin, Hee-Sun; Oh, Byeong Soo International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 45, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.209	journal	January 2020
Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis at high current densities: Investigation of thermal limitations Möckl, Maximilian; Bernt, Maximilian; Schröter, Jonas International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 45, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.11.144	journal	January 2020
Influence of the porous transport layer properties on the mass and charge transfer in a segmented PEM electrolyzer Parra-Restrepo, Julian; Bligny, Rémi; Dillet, Jérôme International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 45, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.01.100	journal	March 2020
Hydrocarbon-based electrode ionomer for proton exchange membrane fuel cells Chae, Ji Eon; Yoo, Sung Jong; Kim, Jin Young International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 45, Issue 57, 32856-32864 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.03.003	journal	March 2020
Coated stainless steels evaluation for bipolar plates in PEM water electrolysis conditions Rojas, Nuria; Sánchez-Molina, Margarita; Sevilla, Gema International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 46, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.03.100	journal	July 2021
Is iridium demand a potential bottleneck in the realization of large-scale PEM water electrolysis? Minke, Christine; Suermann, Michel; Bensmann, Boris International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 46, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.04.174	journal	July 2021
Green hydrogen-based pathways and alternatives: Towards the renewable energy transition in South America's regions–Part B Nadaleti, Willian Cézar; de Souza, Eduarda Gomes; Lourenço, Vitor Alves International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 47, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.05.113	journal	January 2022
Pressurized PEM water electrolysis: Dynamic modelling focusing on the cathode side Correa, G.; Marocco, P.; Muñoz, P. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 47, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.11.097	journal	January 2022
Reinforced short-side-chain Aquivion® membrane for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis Siracusano, Stefania; Pantò, Fabiola; Tonella, Stefano International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 47, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.061	journal	April 2022
Low precious metal loading porous transport layer coating and anode catalyst layer for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis Fan, Zhixuan; Yu, Hongmei; Jiang, Guang International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 47, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.04.114	journal	May 2022
Catching the hydrogen train: economics-driven green hydrogen adoption potential in the United Arab Emirates Gandhi, Krishiv; Apostoleris, Harry; Sgouridis, Sgouris International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 47, Issue 53 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.05.055	journal	June 2022
Building the green hydrogen market – Current state and outlook on green hydrogen demand and electrolyzer manufacturing Wappler, Mona; Unguder, Dilek; Lu, Xing International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 47, Issue 79 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.253	journal	September 2022
Factors influencing the performance and durability of polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzer: A review Bazarah, Ammar; Majlan, Edy Herianto; Husaini, Teuku International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 47, Issue 85 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.08.180	journal	October 2022
Anode analysis and modelling hydrodynamic behaviour of the multiphase flow field in circular PEM water electrolyzer Ni, Aleksey; Upadhyay, Mukesh; Kumar, S. Shiva International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 48, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.01.032	journal	May 2023
Hydrogen production in a proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell (PEMEC) with titanium meshes as flow distributors Wei, Qing; Fan, Lixin; Tu, Zhengkai International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 48, Issue 93 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.06.052	journal	December 2023
Overview of electrolyser and hydrogen production power supply from industrial perspective Guo, Xiaoqiang; Zhu, Hengyi; Zhang, Shiqi International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 49 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.10.325	journal	January 2024
Morphological analysis of iridium oxide anode catalyst layers for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis using high-resolution imaging Ferner, Kara J.; Park, Janghoon; Kang, Zhenye International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 59 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.02.020	journal	March 2024
Multiscale three-dimensional modeling of two-phase transport inside porous transport layers Sepe, M.; Lopata, J.; Madkour, S. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 59 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.02.070	journal	March 2024
Numerical and experimental study of three-dimensional fluid flow in the bipolar plate of a PEM electrolysis cell Nie, Jianhu; Chen, Yitung; Cohen, Steve International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Vol. 48, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2009.02.017	journal	October 2009
Slot-die-coating operability windows for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell cathode catalyst layers Creel, Erin B.; Tjiptowidjojo, Kristianto; Alex Lee, J. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 610 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.047	journal	March 2022
Safety analysis of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis system Liu, Yuanxing; Amin, Md. Tanjin; Khan, Faisal Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.110772	journal	October 2023
Advanced materials for improved PEMFC performance and life Curtin, Dennis E.; Lousenberg, Robert D.; Henry, Timothy J. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 131, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.01.023	journal	May 2004
PEM fuel cell electrocatalyst durability measurements Borup, Rod L.; Davey, John R.; Garzon, Fernando H. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 163, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.009	journal	December 2006
Pt/SiO2 catalyst as an addition to Nafion/PTFE self-humidifying composite membrane Wang, L.; Xing, D. M.; Liu, Y. H. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 161, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.068	journal	October 2006
Mechanical response of fuel cell membranes subjected to a hygro-thermal cycle Kusoglu, Ahmet; Karlsson, Anette M.; Santare, Michael H. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 161, Issue 2, p. 987-996 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.05.020	journal	October 2006
A degradation study of Nafion proton exchange membrane of PEM fuel cells Tang, Haolin; Peikang, Shen; Jiang, San Ping Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 170, Issue 1, p. 85-92 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.03.061	journal	June 2007
Performance of a high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyser Xu, Wu; Scott, Keith; Basu, Suddhasatwa Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 196, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.12.039	journal	November 2011
Detecting and localizing failure points in proton exchange membrane fuel cells using IR thermography Bender, Guido; Felt, Wyatt; Ulsh, Michael Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.045	journal	May 2014
Investigations on degradation of the long-term proton exchange membrane water electrolysis stack Sun, Shucheng; Shao, Zhigang; Yu, Hongmei Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 267 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.05.117	journal	December 2014
Protective coatings on stainless steel bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers Gago, A. S.; Ansar, S. A.; Saruhan, B. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 307 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.12.071	journal	March 2016
Towards developing a backing layer for proton exchange membrane electrolyzers Lettenmeier, P.; Kolb, S.; Burggraf, F. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 311 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.01.100	journal	April 2016
An analysis of degradation phenomena in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis Rakousky, Christoph; Reimer, Uwe; Wippermann, Klaus Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 326 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.06.082	journal	September 2016
Gas-diffusion-layer structural properties under compression via X-ray tomography Zenyuk, Iryna V.; Parkinson, Dilworth Y.; Connolly, Liam G. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 328 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.08.020	journal	October 2016
Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis: Restraining degradation in the presence of fluctuating power Rakousky, Christoph; Reimer, Uwe; Wippermann, Klaus Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 342 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.11.118	journal	February 2017
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells: Current status and remaining challenges Gottesfeld, Shimshon; Dekel, Dario R.; Page, Miles Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 375 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.010	journal	January 2018
A review of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis on degradation mechanisms and mitigation strategies Feng, Qi; Yuan, Xiao−Zi; Liu, Gaoyang Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 366 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.09.006	journal	October 2017
The influence of iridium chemical oxidation state on the performance and durability of oxygen evolution catalysts in PEM electrolysis Siracusano, S.; Baglio, V.; Grigoriev, S. A. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 366 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.09.020	journal	October 2017
Effect of hygral swelling and shrinkage on mechanical durability of fuel cell membranes Sadeghi Alavijeh, Alireza; Bhattacharya, Sandeep; Thomas, Owen Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 427 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.04.081	journal	July 2019
Long-term contamination effect of iron ions on cell performance degradation of proton exchange membrane water electrolyser Li, Na; Araya, Samuel Simon; Kær, Søren Knudsen Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 434 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226755	journal	September 2019
Pore network modelling to enhance liquid water transport through porous transport layers for polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers Lee, J. K.; Lee, Ch.; Bazylak, A. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 437 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226910	journal	October 2019
Temperature-dependent gas accumulation in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer porous transport layers Lee, Ch.; Lee, J. K.; Zhao, B. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 446 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227312	journal	January 2020
Understanding the effects of material properties and operating conditions on component aging in polymer electrolyte water electrolyzers Babic, Ugljesa; Tarik, Mohamed; Schmidt, Thomas Justus Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 451 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.227778	journal	March 2020
Stainless steel bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Materials, flow channel design and forming processes Leng, Yu; Ming, Pingwen; Yang, Daijun Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 451 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.227783	journal	March 2020
Effects of cycle duration and test hardware in relative humidity cycling of a polymer electrolyte membrane Chen, Jixin; Goshtasbi, Alireza; Soleymani, Amir Peyman Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 476 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228576	journal	November 2020
The effects of cationic impurities on the performance of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer Li, Na; Araya, Samuel Simon; Cui, Xiaoti Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 473 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228617	journal	October 2020
Online measurements of fluoride ions in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis through ion chromatography Marocco, Paolo; Sundseth, Kyrre; Aarhaug, Thor Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 483 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229179	journal	January 2021
Open-circuit dissolution of platinum from the cathode in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysers Dodwell, J.; Maier, M.; Majasan, J. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 498 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229937	journal	June 2021
Constrained hydrocarbon-based ionomers in porous Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) supports for enhanced durability of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and water electrolyzers Hong, Seung Jae; Jung, Hwan Yeop; Yoon, Sang Jun Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 551 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232221	journal	December 2022
A review of testing procedures for proton exchange membrane electrolyzer degradation Tomić, Andrej Zvonimir; Pivac, Ivan; Barbir, Frano Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 557 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232569	journal	February 2023
Introducing titanium hydride on porous transport layer for more energy efficient water electrolysis with proton exchange membrane Bautkinova, Tereza; Utsch, Nikolai; Bystron, Tomas Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 565 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232913	journal	May 2023
Sulfonated poly(p-phenylene)-based ionomer/PTFE composite membrane with enhanced performance and durability for energy conversion devices Noh, Yi Sak; Jeong, Hwan Yeop; Kim, Tae-Ho Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 580 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233422	journal	October 2023
Anode and cathode overpotentials under accelerated stress testing of a PEM electrolysis cell McLeod, Alexander J.; Bühre, Lena V.; Bensmann, Boris Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 589 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233750	journal	January 2024
Pulsed electrodeposition of iridium catalyst nanoparticles on titanium suboxide supports for application in PEM electrolysis Böhm, Leonard; Näther, Johannes; Underberg, Martin Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 45 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.507	journal	January 2021
High purity oxygen production with a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser Giddey, S.; Ciacchi, F. T.; Badwal, S. P. S. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 346, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.09.042	journal	January 2010
Composite short side chain PFSA membranes for PEM water electrolysis Giancola, Stefano; Zatoń, Marta; Reyes-Carmona, Álvaro Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 570-571 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2018.09.063	journal	January 2019
Ion exchange capacity controlled biphenol-based sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers: Comparison of random and multi-block copolymers Han, Song-Yi; Yu, Duk Man; Mo, Yong-Hwan Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 634 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119370	journal	September 2021
Hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis – A review Shiva Kumar, S.; Himabindu, V. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.03.002	journal	December 2019
New insights into the stability of a high performance nanostructured catalyst for sustainable water electrolysis Siracusano, Stefania; Hodnik, Nejc; Jovanovic, Primoz Nano Energy, Vol. 40 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.09.014	journal	October 2017
A kinetic model for the chemical degradation of perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers: Weak end groups versus side chain cleavage Xie, Tao; Hayden, Charlene A. Polymer, Vol. 48, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.07.043	journal	September 2007
Evaluation of Effective Parameters on Stamping of Metallic Bipolar Plates Khatir, Farzad Ahmadi; Elyasi, Majid; Ghadikolaee, Hossein Talebi Procedia Engineering, Vol. 183 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.047	journal	January 2017
Emerging Manufacturing Technologies for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Mayyas, Ahmad; Mann, Margaret Procedia Manufacturing, Vol. 33 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.04.063	journal	January 2019
Material degradation of components in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolytic cell and mitigation mechanisms: A review Khatib, F. N.; Wilberforce, Tabbi; Ijaodola, Oluwatosin Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.007	journal	September 2019
Critical Current Density as a Performance Indicator for Gas-Evolving Electrochemical Devices Lee, Jason K.; Lee, ChungHyuk; Fahy, Kieran F. Cell Reports Physical Science, Vol. 1, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2020.100147	journal	August 2020
Superhydrophilic porous transport layer enhances efficiency of polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers Zhao, Benzhong; Lee, ChungHyuk; Lee, Jason K. Cell Reports Physical Science, Vol. 2, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100580	journal	October 2021
Designing catalyst layer morphology for high-performance water electrolysis using synchrotron X-ray nanotomography Lee, Jason Keonhag; Kim, Pascal; Krause, Kevin Cell Reports Physical Science, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.101232	journal	January 2023
X-ray Tomography Applied to Electrochemical Devices and Electrocatalysis Lang, Jack T.; Kulkarni, Devashish; Foster, Collin W. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 123, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00873	journal	August 2023
New Insights into Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers Kusoglu, Ahmet; Weber, Adam Z. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 117, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00159	journal	January 2017
Ir Strangelove, or How to Learn to Stop Worrying and Love the PEM Water Electrolysis Mittelsteadt, Cortney; Sorensen, Esben; Jia, Qingying Energy & Fuels, Vol. 37, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c01524	journal	August 2023
Fast Water Diffusion and Long-Term Polymer Reorganization during Nafion Membrane Hydration Evidenced by Time-Resolved Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Fumagalli, M.; Lyonnard, S.; Prajapati, G. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 119, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b01220	journal	May 2015
Gas Permeation through Nafion. Part 1: Measurements Schalenbach, Maximilian; Hoefner, Tobias; Paciok, Paul The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 119, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b04155	journal	October 2015
Gas Permeation through Nafion. Part 2: Resistor Network Model Schalenbach, Maximilian; Hoeh, Michael A.; Gostick, Jeff T. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 119, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b04157	journal	October 2015
Investigating Evaporation in Gas Diffusion Layers for Fuel Cells with X-ray Computed Tomography Zenyuk, Iryna V.; Lamibrac, Adrien; Eller, Jens The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 120, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b10658	journal	December 2016
The Priority and Challenge of High-Power Performance of Low-Platinum Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Kongkanand, Anusorn; Mathias, Mark F. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00216	journal	March 2016
Efficient and Stable Low Iridium Loaded Anodes for PEM Water Electrolysis Made Possible by Nanofiber Interlayers Hegge, Friedemann; Lombeck, Florian; Cruz Ortiz, Edgar ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c00735	journal	August 2020
Accelerating Bubble Detachment in Porous Transport Layers with Patterned Through-Pores Lee, Jason K.; Lee, ChungHyuk; Fahy, Kieran F. ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c01239	journal	September 2020
Compressive Creep of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes: A Case Study for Electrolyzers Arthurs, Claire; Kusoglu, Ahmet ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c03024	journal	March 2021
The Role of Compressive Stress on Gas Diffusion Media Morphology and Fuel Cell Performance Atkinson, Robert W.; Garsany, Yannick; Gould, Benjamin D. ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.7b00077	journal	December 2017
Pathway to Complete Energy Sector Decarbonization with Available Iridium Resources using Ultralow Loaded Water Electrolyzers Taie, Zachary; Peng, Xiong; Kulkarni, Devashish ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 12, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c15687	journal	November 2020
Constructing a Multifunctional Interface between Membrane and Porous Transport Layer for Water Electrolyzers Liu, Chang; Wippermann, Klaus; Rasinski, Marcin ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 13, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c20690	journal	April 2021
Linking Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomer Chemistry and High-Current Density Performance in Fuel-Cell Electrodes Chowdhury, Anamika; Bird, Ashley; Liu, Jiangjin ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 13, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c07611	journal	September 2021
How the Porous Transport Layer Interface Affects Catalyst Utilization and Performance in Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis Weber, Carl Cesar; Wrubel, Jacob A.; Gubler, Lorenz ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 15, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c04151	journal	July 2023
Influence of Microporous Layers on Interfacial Properties, Oxygen Flow Distribution, and Durability of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers Kulkarni, Devashish; Ouimet, Ryan; Erb, Bryan ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 15, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c06899	journal	October 2023
Radiation-Grafted Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Water Electrolysis Cells: Evaluation of Key Membrane Properties Albert, Albert; Barnett, Alejandro O.; Thomassen, Magnus S. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b04618	journal	September 2015
Single-Layer Graphene Sandwiched between Proton-Exchange Membranes for Selective Proton Transmission Bukola, Saheed; Beard, Kyle; Korzeniewski, Carol ACS Applied Nano Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b02270	journal	January 2019
Iridium Oxide Catalyst Supported on Antimony-Doped Tin Oxide for High Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity in Acidic Media Hartig-Weiss, Alexandra; Miller, Melanie; Beyer, Hans ACS Applied Nano Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b02230	journal	February 2020
Supported Oxygen Evolution Catalysts by Design: Toward Lower Precious Metal Loading and Improved Conductivity in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers Regmi, Yagya N.; Tzanetopoulos, Eden; Zeng, Guosong ACS Catalysis, Vol. 10, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c03098	journal	October 2020
Operando Structure–Activity–Stability Relationship of Iridium Oxides during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction Mom, Rik V.; Falling, Lorenz J.; Kasian, Olga ACS Catalysis, Vol. 12, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.1c05951	journal	April 2022
The Role of Electrocatalysts in the Development of Gigawatt-Scale PEM Electrolyzers Ouimet, Ryan J.; Glenn, Jennifer R.; De Porcellinis, Diana ACS Catalysis, Vol. 12, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.2c00570	journal	May 2022
IrO ₂ -TiO ₂ : A High-Surface-Area, Active, and Stable Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction Oakton, Emma; Lebedev, Dmitry; Povia, Mauro ACS Catalysis, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b03246	journal	February 2017
Effect of the Side-Chain Structure of Perfluoro-Sulfonic Acid Ionomers on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on the Surface of Pt Kodama, Kensaku; Motobayashi, Kenta; Shinohara, Akihiro ACS Catalysis, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b03571	journal	December 2017
In Search of Lost Iridium: Quantification of Anode Catalyst Layer Dissolution in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers Milosevic, Maja; Böhm, Thomas; Körner, Andreas ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00193	journal	May 2023
Next-Generation Polymer-Electrolyte-Membrane Fuel Cells Using Titanium Foam as Gas Diffusion Layer Choi, Hyelim; Kim, Ok-Hee; Kim, Minhyoung ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/am500962h	journal	May 2014
Selective Formation of Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Radicals by Electron Beam Irradiation and Their Reactivity with Perfluorosulfonated Acid Ionomer Ghassemzadeh, Lida; Peckham, Timothy J.; Weissbach, Thomas Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja408032p	journal	October 2013
Reactivity and Stability of Reduced Ir-Weight TiO₂-Supported Oxygen Evolution Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Water Electrolyzer Anodes Tran, Hoang Phi; Nong, Hong Nhan; Zlatar, Matej Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 146, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c07002	journal	November 2024
Electrochemical Catalyst–Support Effects and Their Stabilizing Role for IrO _x Nanoparticle Catalysts during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction Oh, Hyung-Suk; Nong, Hong Nhan; Reier, Tobias Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b07199	journal	September 2016
The Nature of the Pt−H Bonding for Strongly and Weakly Bonded Hydrogen on Platinum. A XAFS Spectroscopy Study of the Pt−H Antibonding Shaperesonance and Pt−H EXAFS Oudenhuijzen, M. K.; Bitter, J. H.; Koningsberger, D. C. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 105, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0108014	journal	May 2001
In-Depth Profiling of Degradation Processes in a Fuel Cell: 2D Spectral-Spatial FTIR Spectra of Nafion Membranes Danilczuk, Marek; Lancucki, Lukasz; Schlick, Shulamith ACS Macro Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/mz200100s	journal	January 2012
The future cost of electrical energy storage based on experience rates Schmidt, O.; Hawkes, A.; Gambhir, A. Nature Energy, Vol. 2, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.110	journal	July 2017
Ionomer-free and recyclable porous-transport electrode for high-performing proton-exchange-membrane water electrolysis Lee, Jason K.; Anderson, Grace; Tricker, Andrew W. Nature Communications, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40375-x	journal	July 2023
The hydrogen solution? van Renssen, Sonja Nature Climate Change, Vol. 10, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0891-0	journal	August 2020
Economics of converting renewable power to hydrogen Glenk, Gunther; Reichelstein, Stefan Nature Energy, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0326-1	journal	February 2019
Understanding the microstructure of a core–shell anode catalyst layer for polymer electrolyte water electrolysis De Angelis, Salvatore; Schuler, Tobias; Sabharwal, Mayank Scientific Reports, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30960-x	journal	March 2023
Hydrogen or batteries for grid storage? A net energy analysis Pellow, Matthew A.; Emmott, Christopher J. M.; Barnhart, Charles J. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE04041D	journal	January 2015
Unexplained transport resistances for low-loaded fuel-cell catalyst layers Weber, Adam Z.; Kusoglu, Ahmet J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 2, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA02952F	journal	January 2014
Comprehensive investigation of novel pore-graded gas diffusion layers for high-performance and cost-effective proton exchange membrane electrolyzers Lettenmeier, P.; Kolb, S.; Sata, N. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE01240C	journal	January 2017
Rational design of polyaromatic ionomers for alkaline membrane fuel cells with >1 W cm ⁻² power density Maurya, Sandip; Noh, Sangtaik; Matanovic, Ivana Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE02192A	journal	January 2018
Femtosecond laser-induced surface structuring of the porous transport layers in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis Suermann, Michel; Gimpel, Thomas; Bühre, Lena V. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA12127G	journal	January 2020
Water electrolysis: from textbook knowledge to the latest scientific strategies and industrial developments Chatenet, Marian; Pollet, Bruno G.; Dekel, Dario R. Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 51, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS01079K	journal	January 2022
Hierarchical electrode design of highly efficient and stable unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs) for long-term energy storage Peng, Xiong; Taie, Zachary; Liu, Jiangjin Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 13, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EE03244A	journal	January 2020
A high-performance, durable and low-cost proton exchange membrane electrolyser with stainless steel components Stiber, S.; Sata, N.; Morawietz, T. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EE02112E	journal	January 2022
Hydrocarbon-based Pemion™ proton exchange membrane fuel cells with state-of-the-art performance Nguyen, Hien; Lombeck, Florian; Schwarz, Claudia Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 5, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SE00556A	journal	January 2021
Enhancing the durability of hydrocarbon-membrane-based polymer electrolyte water electrolysis using a radical scavenger-embedded interlocking interfacial layer Choi, Sungyu; Shin, Sang-Hun; Lee, Dong-Hyun Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA08222A	journal	January 2022
Recent advances in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis Liu, Rui-Ting; Xu, Zheng-Long; Li, Fu-Min Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 52, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CS00681B	journal	January 2023
The porous transport layer in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis: perspectives on a complex component Yuan, Xiao-Zi; Shaigan, Nima; Song, Chaojie Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SE00260D	journal	January 2022
Impact of impurities on water electrolysis: a review Becker, Hans; Murawski, James; Shinde, Dipak V. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 7, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SE01517J	journal	January 2023
Aryl ether-free polymer electrolytes for electrochemical and energy devices Park, Eun Joo; Jannasch, Patric; Miyatake, Kenji Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 53, Issue 11, p. 5704-5780 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CS00186E	journal	April 2024
Electrochemical hydrogen production: sustainable hydrogen economy Aslam, Samina; Rani, Sadia; Lal, Kiran Green Chemistry, Vol. 25, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3GC02849F	journal	January 2023
Advances and status of anode catalysts for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis technology Wu, Qiannan; Wang, Yuannan; Zhang, Kexin Materials Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3QM00010A	journal	January 2023
Influence of binder properties on kinetic and transport processes in polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrodes Sambandam, Satheesh; Ramani, Vijay Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1039/b921916a	journal	January 2010
Hydrocarbon proton conducting polymers for fuel cell catalyst layers Peron, Jennifer; Shi, Zhiqing; Holdcroft, Steven Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 4, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00638f	journal	January 2011
Estimation of electrode ionomer oxygen permeability and ionomer-phase oxygen transport resistance in polymer electrolyte fuel cells Sambandam, Satheesh; Parrondo, Javier; Ramani, Vijay Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp51450a	journal	January 2013
Investigation of titanium liquid/gas diffusion layers in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells Steen, Stuart M.; Mo, Jingke; Kang, Zhenye International Journal of Green Energy, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2016.1253582	journal	November 2016
Electrical Conductivity Characteristic of TiO2 Nanowires From Hydrothermal Method Othman, Mohd Azlishah; Amat, Noor Faridah; Ahmad, Badrul Hisham Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 495 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/495/1/012027	journal	April 2014
Discovery of true electrochemical reactions for ultrahigh catalyst mass activity in water splitting Mo, Jingke; Kang, Zhenye; Retterer, Scott T. Science Advances, Vol. 2, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600690	journal	November 2016
Degradation mechanisms of MEA characteristics during water electrolysis in solid polymer electrolyte cells Grigoriev, S. A.; Bessarabov, D. G.; Fateev, V. N. Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, Vol. 53, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193517030065	journal	March 2017
Composite Membranes for Medium-Temperature PEM Fuel Cells Alberti, G.; Casciola, M. Annual Review of Materials Research, Vol. 33, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.33.022702.154702	journal	August 2003
Low Cost Bipolar Plates for Large Scale PEM Electrolyzers Gago, Aldo Saul; Ansar, Asif Syed; Gazdzicki, Pawel ECS Transactions, Vol. 64, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/06403.1039ecst	journal	August 2014
NSTF Advances for PEM Electrolysis - the Effect of Alloying on Activity of NSTF Electrolyzer Catalysts and Performance of NSTF Based PEM Electrolyzers Lewinski, K. A.; van der Vliet, D.; Luopa, S. M. ECS Transactions, Vol. 69, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1149/06917.0893ecst	journal	September 2015
(Invited) Membranes with Recombination Catalyst for Hydrogen Crossover Reduction: Water Electrolysis Bessarabov, Dmitri ECS Transactions, Vol. 85, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/08511.0017ecst	journal	April 2018
Local Degradation at Membrane Defects in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Kreitmeier, Stefan; Lerch, Philippe; Wokaun, Alexander Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.023306jes	journal	January 2013
Electrochemical Characterization of Ethylenetetrafluoroethylene-g-polystyrenesulfonic Acid Solid Polymer Electrolytes Chuy, Carmen; Basura, Vesna I.; Simon, Evelyne Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 147, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1394085	journal	January 2000
Self-Humidifying Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells Uchida, Hiroyuki; Ueno, Yoshihiko; Hagihara, Hiroki Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 150, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1523412	journal	January 2003
Self-Humidifying Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells Watanabe, Masahiro Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 143, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1837307	journal	January 1996
Membrel‐Water Electrolysis Cells with a Fluorinated Cation Exchange Membrane Scherer, Günther G.; Momose, Takashi; Tomiie, Kazuo Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2095491	journal	December 1988
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Degradation Mechanisms in Fuel Cells - Findings Over the Past 30 Years and Comparison with Electrolyzers Laconti, Anthony; Liu, Han; Mittelsteadt, Cortney ECS Transactions, Vol. 1, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2214554	journal	July 2006
Gas-Crossover and Membrane-Pinhole Effects in Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells Weber, Adam Z. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 155, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2898130	journal	January 2008
The Chemistry of Fuel Cell Membrane Chemical Degradation Coms, Frank D. 214th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2981859	conference	January 2008
Development of Highly Durable PFSA Membrane and MEA for PEMFC Under High Temperature and Low Humidity Conditions Endoh, Eiji 214th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2981964	conference	January 2008
Factors Influencing Electrochemical Properties and Performance of Hydrocarbon-Based Electrolyte PEMFC Catalyst Layers Astill, Toby; Xie, Zhong; Shi, Zhiqing Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 156, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3082119	journal	January 2009
Measurement of Oxygen Transport Resistance in PEM Fuel Cells by Limiting Current Methods Baker, Daniel R.; Caulk, David A.; Neyerlin, Kenneth C. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 156, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3152226	journal	January 2009
In Situ Measurement of Oxygen Permeability in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Sambandam, Satheesh; Ramani, Vijay ECS Transactions, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3210593	journal	September 2009
The Membrane–Electrode Interface in PEFCs Kim, Yu Seung; Pivovar, Bryan S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 157, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3481581	journal	January 2010
Research Advances towards Low Cost, High Efficiency PEM Electrolysis Ayers, Katherine E.; Anderson, Everett B.; Capuano, Christopher 218th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3484496	conference	January 2010
GDL Degradation in PEFC Perry, Mike L.; Patterson, Tim; Madden, Tom ECS Transactions, Vol. 33, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3484601	journal	October 2010
Green Hydrogen via PEM Electrolysis – Avoiding Iridium Supply Limitations Clapp, Mark; Zalitis, Christopher Mark; Ryan, Margery ECS Transactions, Vol. 111, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/11104.0021ecst	journal	May 2023
Optimizing Porous Transport Layer Design Parameters via Stochastic Pore Network Modelling: Reactant Transport and Interfacial Contact Considerations Lee, J. K.; Bazylak, A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab6557	journal	January 2020
Effects of the Transport/Catalyst Layer Interface and Catalyst Loading on Mass and Charge Transport Phenomena in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolysis Devices Lopata, J.; Kang, Z.; Young, J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab7f87	journal	January 2020
Communication—Non-Fluorous, Hydrocarbon PEMFCs, Generating > 1 W cm ⁻² Power Balogun, Emmanuel; Adamski, Michael; Holdcroft, Steven Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab88bd	journal	April 2020
The Role of Water in Vapor-fed Proton-Exchange-Membrane Electrolysis Fornaciari, Julie C.; Gerhardt, Michael R.; Zhou, Jie Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab9b09	journal	June 2020
The Impact of Ink and Spray Variables on Catalyst Layer Properties, Electrolyzer Performance, and Electrolyzer Durability Alia, Shaun M.; Reeves, Kimberly S.; Baxter, Jefferey S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abc746	journal	November 2020
Transformation of the OER-Active IrO _x Species under Transient Operation Conditions in PEM Water Electrolysis Rheinländer, Philipp Jan; Durst, Julien Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 168, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abe0d4	journal	February 2021
Understanding Degradation Effects of Elevated Temperature Operating Conditions in Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolyzers Garbe, Steffen; Futter, Jonas; Agarwal, Ayush Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 168, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abf4ae	journal	April 2021
Estimation of Relative Transport Properties in Porous Transport Layers Using Pore-Scale and Pore-Network Simulations Jung, Seongyeop; Sabharwal, Mayank; Jarauta, Alex Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 168, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac03f2	journal	June 2021
Effect of the IrO_x Conductivity on the Anode Electrode/Porous Transport Layer Interfacial Resistance in PEM Water Electrolyzers Bernt, M.; Schramm, C.; Schröter, J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 168, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac1eb4	journal	August 2021
Comparison of Pt-Doped Membranes for Gas Crossover Suppression in Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis Garbe, Steffen; Samulesson, Erik; Schmidt, Thomas J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 168, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac2925	journal	October 2021
Thickness Dependence of Proton-Exchange-Membrane Properties Luo, Xiaoyan; Lau, Grace; Tesfaye, Meron Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 168, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac2973	journal	October 2021
Scalable Implementation of Recombination Catalyst Layers to Mitigate Gas Crossover in PEM Water Electrolyzers Stähler, A.; Stähler, M.; Scheepers, F. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 169, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac5c9b	journal	March 2022
Electrolyzer Performance Loss from Accelerated Stress Tests and Corresponding Changes to Catalyst Layers and Interfaces Alia, Shaun M.; Reeves, Kimberly S.; Yu, Haoran Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 169, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac697e	journal	May 2022
Durability Testing of Low-Iridium PEM Water Electrolysis Membrane Electrode Assemblies Möckl, Maximilian; Ernst, Matthias F.; Kornherr, Matthias Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 169, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac6d14	journal	June 2022
Platinum and Cerium-Zirconium Oxide Co-Doped Membrane for Mitigated H₂ Crossover and Ionomer Degradation in PEWE Zhang, Zheyu; Han, Zongyi; Testino, Andrea Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 169, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac94a3	journal	October 2022
Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Incorporating Sulfo-Phenylated Polyphenylene Catalyst Coated Membranes Wang, Xin; Mardle, Peter; Adamski, Michael Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 170, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acb643	journal	February 2023
Numerical Study of the Impact of Two-Phase Flow in the Anode Catalyst Layer on the Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysers Moore, M.; Mandal, M.; Kosakian, A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 170, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acc898	journal	April 2023
Adaptation of a PEMFC Reference Electrode to PEMWE: Possibilities and Limitations Bühre, Lena V.; McLeod, Alexander J.; Trinke, Patrick Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 170, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acfac2	journal	September 2023
Modeling Contact Resistance and Water Transport within a Cathode Liquid-Fed Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer Gerhardt, Michael R.; Østenstad, Jenny S.; Barnett, Alejandro O. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 170, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad129d	journal	December 2023
Influence of the Complex Interface between Transport and Catalyst Layer on Water Electrolysis Performance Ma, Tien-Ching; Hutzler, Andreas; Bensmann, Boris Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 171, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad3497	journal	April 2024
Effect of Mechanical Compression on Chemical Degradation of Nafion Membranes Kusoglu, A.; Calabrese, M.; Weber, A. Z. ECS Electrochemistry Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.008405eel	journal	January 2014
Membrane Accelerated Stress Test Development for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability Validated Using Field and Drive Cycle Testing Mukundan, Rangachary; Baker, Andrew M.; Kusoglu, Ahmet Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0101806jes	journal	January 2018
Communication—Pt-Doped Thin Membranes for Gas Crossover Suppression in Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis Garbe, Steffen; Babic, Ugljesa; Nilsson, Elisabeth Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0111913jes	journal	January 2019
Perspective—Prospects for Durable Hydrocarbon-Based Fuel Cell Membranes Gubler, Lorenz; Nauser, Thomas; Coms, Frank D. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0131806jes	journal	January 2018
Elucidating the Effect of Mass Transport Resistances on Hydrogen Crossover and Cell Performance in PEM Water Electrolyzers by Varying the Cathode Ionomer Content Trinke, P.; Keeley, G. P.; Carmo, M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0171908jes	journal	January 2019
Potentiostatic and Potential Cycling Dissolution of Polycrystalline Platinum and Platinum Nano-Particle Fuel Cell Catalysts Myers, Deborah J.; Wang, Xiaoping; Smith, Matt C. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0211806jes	journal	January 2018
Influence of Ionomer Content in IrO ₂ /TiO ₂ Electrodes on PEM Water Electrolyzer Performance Bernt, Maximilian; Gasteiger, Hubert A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0231611jes	journal	January 2016
Electrolyzer Durability at Low Catalyst Loading and with Dynamic Operation Alia, Shaun M.; Stariha, Sarah; Borup, Rod L. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0231915jes	journal	January 2019
Alcohol-Soluble, Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether)s: Investigation of Hydrocarbon Ionomers for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers Strong, Aaron; Britton, Benjamin; Edwards, Dave Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0251506jes	journal	January 2015
A Mechanistic Model for Pinhole Growth in Fuel-Cell Membranes during Cyclic Loads Kusoglu, Ahmet; Weber, Adam Z. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.036408jes	journal	January 2014
Impact of Intermittent Operation on Lifetime and Performance of a PEM Water Electrolyzer Weiß, A.; Siebel, A.; Bernt, M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0421908jes	journal	January 2019
Effect of Temperature on the Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolysis: Numerical Analysis of Electrolysis Voltage Considering Gas/Liquid Two-Phase Flow Kai, Jyunya; Saito, Ryo; Terabaru, Kenji Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0521904jes	journal	January 2019
Hydrogen Crossover in PEM and Alkaline Water Electrolysis: Mechanisms, Direct Comparison and Mitigation Strategies Trinke, P.; Haug, P.; Brauns, J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0541807jes	journal	January 2018
Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis: Correlating Porous Transport Layer Structural Properties and Performance: Part I. Tomographic Analysis of Morphology and Topology Schuler, Tobias; De Bruycker, Ruben; Schmidt, Thomas J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0561904jes	journal	January 2019
The Impact of Platinum Loading on Oxygen Transport Resistance Greszler, Thomas A.; Caulk, David; Sinha, Puneet Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.061212jes	journal	January 2012
Communication—Neutron Radiography of the Water/Gas Distribution in the Porous Layers of an Operating Electrolyser Seweryn, Jakub; Biesdorf, Johannes; Schmidt, Thomas J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0641607jes	journal	January 2016
Analysis of Voltage Losses in PEM Water Electrolyzers with Low Platinum Group Metal Loadings Bernt, Maximilian; Siebel, Armin; Gasteiger, Hubert A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0641805jes	journal	January 2018
Recent Advances in Catalyst Accelerated Stress Tests for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells Stariha, Sarah; Macauley, Natalia; Sneed, Brian T. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0881807jes	journal	January 2018
Screening Oxide Support Materials for OER Catalysts in Acid Han, Binghong; Risch, Marcel; Belden, Samuel Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0921810jes	journal	January 2018
Membrane Interlayer with Pt Recombination Particles for Reduction of the Anodic Hydrogen Content in PEM Water Electrolysis Klose, C.; Trinke, P.; Böhm, T. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1241814jes	journal	January 2018
Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis: Correlating Performance and Porous Transport Layer Structure: Part II. Electrochemical Performance Analysis Schuler, Tobias; Schmidt, Thomas J.; Büchi, Felix N. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1241908jes	journal	January 2019
Hydrogen at Scale (H ₂ @Scale): Key to a Clean, Economic, and Sustainable Energy System Pivovar, Bryan; Rustagi, Neha; Satyapal, Sunita The Electrochemical Society Interface, Vol. 27, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.F04181if	journal	January 2018
Hydrogen: Targeting $1/kg in 1 Decade Pivovar, Bryan S.; Ruth, Mark F.; Myers, Deborah J. The Electrochemical Society Interface, Vol. 30, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.F15214IF	journal	December 2021
PEM Electrolysis, a Forerunner for Clean Hydrogen Ayers, Katherine; Danilovic, Nemanja; Harrison, Kevin The Electrochemical Society Interface, Vol. 30, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.F16214IF	journal	December 2021
Low Cost Bipolar Plates for Large Scale PEM Electrolyzers Gago, Aldo Saul; Ansar, Asif Syed; Gazdzicki, Pawel ECS Meeting Abstracts, Vol. MA2014-02, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1149/MA2014-02/21/1236	journal	August 2014
NSTF Advances for PEM Electrolysis - the Effect of Alloying on Activity of NSTF Electrolyzer Catalysts and Performance of NSTF Based PEM Electrolyzers Lewinski, Krzysztof A.; van der Vliet, Dennis; Luopa, Sean M. ECS Meeting Abstracts, Vol. MA2015-02, Issue 37, 1457 https://doi.org/10.1149/MA2015-02/37/1457	journal	July 2015
(Invited) High Power Water Electrolysis as a New Paradigm for Operation of PEM Electrolyzer – The Story Continues Lewinski, Krzysztof A.; Luopa, Sean M.; Sun, Fuxia ECS Meeting Abstracts, Vol. MA2018-01, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1149/MA2018-01/29/1637	journal	April 2018
(Invited) Design and Testing of a High-Pressure PEM Water Electrolyzer System Test Rig Hancke, Ragnhild; Bujlo, Piotr; Ulleberg, Øystein ECS Meeting Abstracts, Vol. MA2021-02, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1149/MA2021-02411244mtgabs	journal	October 2021
The Impact of Cation Contamination on Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer (PEMWE) Sun, Qiang; Yang, Fan; Jia, Qingying ECS Meeting Abstracts, Vol. MA2023-01, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1149/MA2023-01361962mtgabs	journal	August 2023
(Invited) Towards the Next Generation of High Performance, Durable Water Electrolyzer Membranes Park, Andrew M.; Gebhardt, Ryan; Vander Woude, Meghan ECS Meeting Abstracts, Vol. MA2024-01, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1149/MA2024-01341736mtgabs	journal	August 2024
A Review of Accelerated Stress Tests for Enhancing MEA Durability in PEM Water Electrolysis Cells Kuhnert, Eveline; Hacker, Viktor; Bodner, Merit International Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 2023 https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3183108	journal	February 2023
Design of PEM water electrolysers with low iridium loading Wang, Cliffton; Lee, Keonhag; Liu, Christopher Pantayatiwong International Materials Reviews, Vol. 69, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1177/09506608231216665	journal	January 2024
Critical Review of Platinum Group Metal-Free Materials for Water Electrolysis: Transition from the Laboratory to the Market : Earth-abundant borides and phosphides as catalysts for sustainable hydrogen production Serov, Alexey; Kovnir, Kirill; Shatruk, Michael Johnson Matthey Technology Review, Vol. 65, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1595/205651321X16067419458185	journal	April 2021
Review of solid oxide electrolysis cells: a clean energy strategy for hydrogen generation Pandiyan, Arunkumar; Uthayakumar, Aarthi; Subrayan, Rengaraj Nanomaterials and Energy, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1680/jnaen.18.00009	journal	June 2019
Global Hydrogen Review 2022 https://doi.org/10.1787/a15b8442-en	book	October 2022
Manufacturing Cost Analysis for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers Mayyas, Ahmad T.; Ruth, Mark F.; Pivovar, Bryan S. https://doi.org/10.2172/1557965	report	August 2019
Status and perspectives of key materials for PEM electrolyzer Zhang, Kexin; Liang, Xiao; Wang, Lina Nano Research Energy, Vol. 1 https://doi.org/10.26599/NRE.2022.9120032	journal	December 2022
EU harmonized protocols for testing of low temperature water electrolysis Tsotridis, G.; Pilenga, A. https://doi.org/10.2760/58880	book	January 2021
Life Cycle Assessment and Water Footprint of Hydrogen Production Methods: From Conventional to Emerging Technologies Mehmeti, Andi; Angelis-Dimakis, Athanasios; Arampatzis, George Environments, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5020024	journal	February 2018
Performance Comparison of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Cell Using Channel and PTL Flow Fields through Three-Dimensional Two-Phase Flow Simulation Park, Seongsoon; Lee, Woojung; Na, Youngseung Membranes, Vol. 12, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121260	journal	December 2022
GOMEA: A Conceptual Design of a Membrane Electrode Assembly for a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer Berning, Torsten; Bessarabov, Dmitri Membranes, Vol. 13, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13070614	journal	June 2023
Hydrocarbon-Based Composite Membrane Using LCP-Nonwoven Fabrics for Durable Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Kang, Seok Hyeon; Jeong, Hwan Yeop; Yoon, Sang Jun Polymers, Vol. 15, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15092109	journal	April 2023
Alkaline Water Electrolysis Powered by Renewable Energy: A Review Brauns, Jörn; Turek, Thomas Processes, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8020248	journal	February 2020
Microstructure and Resistivity of Iridium Oxide Thin Films by Pulsed Laser Deposition Technique Zhang, Lian Meng; Gong, Yan Sheng; Wang, Chuan Bin Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 336-338 https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.336-338.2215	journal	April 2007
Life cycle assessment of hydrogen production pathways in Canada Gonzales-Calienes, Giovanna; Kannangara, Miyuru; Yang, Jianjun National Research Council of Canada https://doi.org/10.4224/40002781	report	January 2022
Can Brazil Become a Green Hydrogen Powerhouse? Kelman, Rafael; Gaspar, Luana de S.; Geyer, Florian S. Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, Vol. 08, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2020.811003	journal	January 2020

Similar Records

Membrane Strategies for Water Electrolysis

Journal Article · 2022 · ACS Energy Letters · OSTI ID:1889888

Park, Eun Joo; Arges, Christopher G.; Xu, Hui; +1 more

Nanochannel electrodes facilitating interfacial transport for PEM water electrolysis

Journal Article · 2024 · Joule · OSTI ID:2462728

Lee, Jason K.; Babbe, Finn; Wang, Guanzhi; +4 more

Operating Strategies for Dispatchable PEM Electrolyzers that Enable Low-Cost Hydrogen Production

Conference · 2022 · OSTI ID:1874790

Badgett, Alex; Pivovar, Bryan; Ruth, Mark

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Catalysts
Electrodes
Hydrogen
Oxides
Transition metals

Title: Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Water Electrolysis: Cell-Level Considerations for Gigawatt-Scale Deployment

Citation Formats

References (303)

Similar Records

Related Subjects