Integrating novel stellarator single-stage optimization algorithms to design the Columbia stellarator experiment

Baillod, A.; Paul, E. J.; Rawlinson, G.; Haque, M.; Freiberger, S. W.; Thapa, S.

doi:10.1088/1741-4326/ada6dd

Title: Integrating novel stellarator single-stage optimization algorithms to design the Columbia stellarator experiment

Journal Article · 22 January 2025 · Nuclear Fusion

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ada6dd · OSTI ID:2505081

;

; Rawlinson, G.;

;

Abstract The Columbia Stellarator eXperiment (CSX), currently being designed at Columbia University, aims to test theoretical predictions related to QA plasma behavior, and to pioneer the construction of an optimized stellarator using three-dimensional, non-insulated high-temperature superconducting (NI-HTS) coils. The magnetic configuration is generated by a combination of two circular planar poloidal field (PF) coils and two 3D-shaped interlinked (IL) coils, with the possibility to add windowpane coils to enhance shaping and experimental flexibility. The PF coils and vacuum vessel are repurposed from the former Columbia Non-Neutral Torus experiment, while the IL coils will be custom-wound in-house using NI-HTS tapes. To obtain a plasma shape that meets the physics objectives with a limited number of coils, novel single-stage optimization techniques are employed, optimizing both the plasma and coils concurrently, in particular targeting a tight aspect ratio QA plasma and minimized strain on the HTS tape. Despite the increased complexity due to the expanded degrees of freedom, these methods successfully identify optimized plasma geometries that can be realized by coils meeting engineering specifications. This paper discusses the derivation of the constraints and objectives specific to CSX, and describe how two recently developed single-stage optimization methodologies are applied to the design of CSX. A set of selected configurations for CSX is then described in detail.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

OSTI ID:: 2505081

Journal Information:: Nuclear Fusion, Journal Name: Nuclear Fusion Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 65; ISSN 0029-5515

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: IAEA

Language:: English

References (71)

On the limited memory BFGS method for large scale optimization Liu, Dong C.; Nocedal, Jorge Mathematical Programming, Vol. 45, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01589116	journal	August 1989
Three-dimensional free boundary calculations using a spectral Green's function method Hirshman, S. P.; van RIJ, W. I.; Merkel, P. Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 43, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(86)90058-5	journal	December 1986
Quasi-helically symmetric toroidal stellarators Nührenberg, J.; Zille, R. Physics Letters A, Vol. 129, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(88)90080-1	journal	May 1988
Stellarator symmetry Dewar, R. L.; Hudson, S. R. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, Vol. 112, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2789(97)00216-9	journal	January 1998
Single-stage gradient-based stellarator coil design: Optimization for near-axis quasi-symmetry Giuliani, Andrew; Wechsung, Florian; Cerfon, Antoine Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 459 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2022.111147	journal	June 2022
Optimization of finite-build stellarator coils Singh, Luquant; Kruger, T. G.; Bader, A. Journal of Plasma Physics, Vol. 86, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820000756	journal	August 2020
Non-planar coil winding angle optimization for compatibility with non-insulated high-temperature superconducting magnets Paz-Soldan, C. Journal of Plasma Physics, Vol. 86, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001208	journal	October 2020
Combined plasma–coil optimization algorithms Henneberg, S. A.; Hudson, S. R.; Pfefferlé, D. Journal of Plasma Physics, Vol. 87, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377821000271	journal	April 2021
Existence of an optimized stellarator with simple coils Yu, Guodong; Feng, Zhichen; Jiang, Peiyou Journal of Plasma Physics, Vol. 88, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377822000459	journal	May 2022
Direct computation of magnetic surfaces in Boozer coordinates and coil optimization for quasisymmetry Giuliani, Andrew; Wechsung, Florian; Stadler, Georg Journal of Plasma Physics, Vol. 88, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377822000563	journal	July 2022
The DESC stellarator code suite Part 3: Quasi-symmetry optimization Dudt, D. W.; Conlin, R.; Panici, D. Journal of Plasma Physics, Vol. 89, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000235	journal	April 2023
The DESC stellarator code suite. Part 1. Quick and accurate equilibria computations Panici, D.; Conlin, R.; Dudt, D. W. Journal of Plasma Physics, Vol. 89, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000272	journal	May 2023
The DESC stellarator code suite. Part 2. Perturbation and continuation methods Conlin, Rory; Dudt, Daniel W.; Panici, Dario Journal of Plasma Physics, Vol. 89, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000399	journal	May 2023
Design and construction of the MUSE permanent magnet stellarator Qian, T. M.; Chu, X.; Pagano, C. Journal of Plasma Physics, Vol. 89, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000880	journal	October 2023
Coil optimization for quasi-helically symmetric stellarator configurations Wiedman, A.; Buller, S.; Landreman, M. Journal of Plasma Physics, Vol. 90, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377824000540	journal	May 2024
Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X Beidler, C. D.; Smith, H. M.; Alonso, A. Nature, Vol. 596, Issue 7871 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03687-w	journal	August 2021
SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python Virtanen, Pauli; Gommers, Ralf; Oliphant, Travis E. Nature Methods https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2	journal	February 2020
Confinement of non-neutral plasmas in the Columbia Non-neutral Torus Experiment Pedersen, Thomas Sunn AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1635190	conference	January 2003
The Status of the Design and Construction of the Columbia Non-neutral Torus Kremer, J. P. AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1635192	conference	January 2003
Experimental demonstration of a compact stellarator magnetic trap using four circular coils Pedersen, T. Sunn; Kremer, J. P.; Lefrancois, R. G. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2149313	journal	January 2006
First Studies of Pure Electron Plasmas in the Columbia Non-neutral Torus Berkery, J. W.; Pedersen, T. S.; Kremer, J. P. AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2387909	conference	January 2006
Ion accumulation in an electron plasma confined on magnetic surfaces Berkery, John W.; Marksteiner, Quinn R.; Pedersen, Thomas Sunn Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 14, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2771520	journal	August 2007
Confirmation of a large density variation along the magnetic axis of the Columbia Non-neutral Torus Hahn, Michael; Pedersen, Thomas Sunn; Marksteiner, Quinn Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 15, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2844439	journal	February 2008
Confinement jumps in a non-neutral plasma Hahn, Michael; Pedersen, Thomas Sunn; Brenner, Paul W. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3075933	journal	February 2009
Torsion Strain Effects on Critical Currents of hts Superconducting Tapes Takayasu, Makoto; Minervini, Joseph V.; Bromberg, Leslie AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3402320	conference	January 2010
Quasisymmetric toroidal plasmas with large mean flows Sugama, H.; Watanabe, T. -H.; Nunami, M. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 18, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3624483	journal	August 2011
High-β equilibrium and ballooning stability of the low aspect ratio CNT stellarator Hammond, K. C.; Lazerson, S. A.; Volpe, F. A. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 24, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4979284	journal	April 2017
Plasma equilibrium with rational magnetic surfaces Boozer, Allen H. Physics of Fluids, Vol. 24, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.863297	journal	January 1981
Transport and isomorphic equilibria Boozer, Allen H. Physics of Fluids, Vol. 26, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.864166	journal	January 1983
Evaluation of 1/ν neoclassical transport in stellarators Nemov, V. V.; Kasilov, S. V.; Kernbichler, W. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 6, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.873749	journal	December 1999
Necessary and sufficient conditions for quasisymmetry Rodríguez, E.; Helander, P.; Bhattacharjee, A. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 27, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0008551	journal	June 2020
Optimization of quasi-symmetric stellarators with self-consistent bootstrap current and energetic particle confinement Landreman, M.; Buller, S.; Drevlak, M. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 29, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0098166	journal	August 2022
Simplified and flexible coils for stellarators using single-stage optimization Jorge, R.; Giuliani, A.; Loizu, J. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 31, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0226688	journal	November 2024
Precise stellarator quasi-symmetry can be achieved with electromagnetic coils Wechsung, Florian; Landreman, Matt; Giuliani, Andrew Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 119, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2202084119	journal	March 2022
Solution of stellarator boundary value problems with external currents Merkel, P. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 27, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/27/5/018	journal	May 1987
Magnetic wells in toroidal systems Shafranov, V. D. Plasma Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/0032-1028/13/4/007	journal	April 1971
Theory of plasma confinement in non-axisymmetric magnetic fields Helander, Per Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 77, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/77/8/087001	journal	July 2014
Ripple transport in helical-axis advanced stellarators: a comparison with classical stellarator/torsatrons Beidler, C. D.; Hitchon, W. N. G. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 36, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/36/2/007	journal	February 1994
Physics of the compact advanced stellarator NCSX Zarnstorff, M. C.; Berry, L. A.; Brooks, A. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 43, Issue 12A https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/43/12A/318	journal	November 2001
Stellarators close to quasisymmetry Calvo, Iván; Parra, Felix I.; Velasco, José Luis Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 55, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/55/12/125014	journal	November 2013
Optimizing stellarators for large flows Calvo, Iván; Parra, Felix I.; Alonso, J. Arturo Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 56, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/56/9/094003	journal	August 2014
Flow damping in stellarators close to quasisymmetry Calvo, Iván; Parra, Felix I.; Velasco, José Luis Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/57/1/014014	journal	November 2014
Overdense microwave plasma heating in the CNT stellarator Hammond, K. C.; Diaz-Pacheco, R. R.; Köhn, A. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 60, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aa9a7c	journal	January 2018
Stochastic and a posteriori optimization to mitigate coil manufacturing errors in stellarator design Wechsung, Florian; Giuliani, Andrew; Landreman, Matt Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 64, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ac89ee	journal	September 2022
Single-stage stellarator optimization: combining coils with fixed boundary equilibria Jorge, R.; Goodman, A.; Landreman, M. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 65, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/acd957	journal	June 2023
New method to design stellarator coils without the winding surface Zhu, Caoxiang; Hudson, Stuart R.; Song, Yuntao Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa8e0a	journal	November 2017
Computing local sensitivity and tolerances for stellarator physics properties using shape gradients Landreman, Matt; Paul, Elizabeth Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aac197	journal	June 2018
The role of neutral friction in governing parallel flows in the HSX stellarator Dobbins, T. J.; Kumar, S. T. A.; Talmadge, J. N. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aaff9f	journal	February 2019
Optimized finite-build stellarator coils using automatic differentiation McGreivy, N.; Hudson, S. R.; Zhu, C. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abcd76	journal	January 2021
Single-stage gradient-based stellarator coil design: stochastic optimization Wechsung, Florian; Giuliani, Andrew; Landreman, Matt Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 62, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac45f3	journal	May 2022
Simpler optimized stellarators using permanent magnets Qian, T.; Zarnstorff, M.; Bishop, D. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 62, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac6c99	journal	May 2022
Stellarator coil optimization supporting multiple magnetic configurations Lee, Brandon F.; Paul, Elizabeth J.; Stadler, Georg Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 63, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aca10d	journal	November 2022
Observations of an Ion-Driven Instability in Non-Neutral Plasmas Confined on Magnetic Surfaces Marksteiner, Q. R.; Pedersen, T. Sunn; Berkery, J. W. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 100, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.065002	journal	February 2008
Intrinsic Ambipolarity and Rotation in Stellarators Helander, P.; Simakov, A. N. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 101, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.145003	journal	September 2008
Magnetic Fields with Precise Quasisymmetry for Plasma Confinement Landreman, Matt; Paul, Elizabeth Physical Review Letters, Vol. 128, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.035001	journal	January 2022
Confinement of Nonneutral Plasmas on Magnetic Surfaces Pedersen, Thomas Sunn; Boozer, Allen H. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 88, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.205002	journal	May 2002
Experimental Confirmation of Stable, Small-Debye-Length, Pure-Electron-Plasma Equilibria in a Stellarator Kremer, J. P.; Pedersen, T. Sunn; Lefrancois, R. G. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.095003	journal	September 2006
Equilibrium, stability, and transport of electron plasmas in the Columbia Non-neutral Torus Berkery, J. W.; Marksteiner, Q. R.; Hahn, M. S. 2007 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference https://doi.org/10.1109/PPPS.2007.4651854	conference	June 2007
HTS Pancake Coils Without Turn-to-Turn Insulation Hahn, Seungyong; Park, Dong Keun; Bascunan, Juan IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 21, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2010.2093492	journal	June 2011
Investigation of HTS Racetrack Coil Without Turn-to-Turn Insulation for Superconducting Rotating Machines IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 22, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2011.2181931	journal	June 2012
Lessons Learned in Risk Management on NCSX Neilson, G. H.; Gruber, C. O.; Harris, J. H. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 38, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2009.2037889	journal	March 2010
Designing Coils for Compact Stellarators Strickler, Dennis J.; Berry, Lee A.; Hirshman, Steven P. Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 41, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.13182/FST02-A206	journal	March 2002
Development of a Robust Quasi-Poloidal Compact Stellarator Strickler, Dennis J.; Hirshman, Steven P.; Spong, Donald A. Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 45, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.13182/FST04-A421	journal	January 2004
The Columbia Nonneutral Torus: A New Experiment to Confine Nonneutral and Positron-Electron Plasmas in a Stellarator Pedersen, Thomas Sunn; Boozer, Allen H.; Kremer, Jason Paul Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 46, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.13182/FST04-A556	journal	July 2004
Construction and Initial Operation of the Columbia Nonneutral Torus Pedersen, T. Sunn; Kremer, J. P.; Lefrancois, R. G. Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 50, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.13182/FST06-A1258	journal	October 2006
The Helically Symmetric Experiment, (HSX) Goals, Design and Status Anderson, F. Simon B.; Almagri, Abdulgader F.; Anderson, David T. Fusion Technology, Vol. 27, Issue 3T https://doi.org/10.13182/FST95-A11947086	journal	April 1995
Automated Optimization of Stellarator Coils Drevlak, Michael Fusion Technology, Vol. 33, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.13182/FST98-A21	journal	March 1998
Current Status of NIFS-SWJTU Joint Project for Quasi-Axisymmetric Stellarator CFQS Isobe, Mitsutaka; Shimizu, Akihiro; Liu, Haifeng Plasma and Fusion Research, Vol. 14, Issue 0 https://doi.org/10.1585/pfr.14.3402074	journal	January 2019
Estimation of the j × B Force Produced by Electron Cyclotron Heating in HSX Plasma Yamamoto, Yasuhiro; Murakami, Sadayoshi; Chang, Ching-Chieh Plasma and Fusion Research, Vol. 14, Issue 0 https://doi.org/10.1585/pfr.14.3403105	journal	July 2019
Engineering Design of the Chinese First Quasi-Axisymmetric Stellarator (CFQS) Kinoshita, Shigeyoshi; Shimizu, Akihiro; Okamura, Shoichi Plasma and Fusion Research, Vol. 14, Issue 0 https://doi.org/10.1585/pfr.14.3405097	journal	January 2019
SIMSOPT: A flexible framework for stellarator optimization Landreman, Matt; Medasani, Bharat; Wechsung, Florian Journal of Open Source Software, Vol. 6, Issue 65 https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03525	journal	September 2021

Similar Records

Optimization of compact stellarator configuration as fusion devices

Journal Article · 2006 · Physics of Plasmas · OSTI ID:20783148

Najmabadi, Farrokh; Rene Raffray, A; Ku, Long-Poe; +1 more

The Columbia Nonneutral Torus: A New Experiment to Confine Nonneutral and Positron-Electron Plasmas in a Stellarator

Journal Article · 2004 · Fusion Science and Technology · OSTI ID:20849735

Pedersen, Thomas Sunn; Boozer, Allen H; Kremer, Jason Paul; +4 more

Progress Toward Attractive Stellarators

Conference · 2011 · OSTI ID:1001680

Neilson, G H; Brown, T G; Gates, D A; +9 more

Title: Integrating novel stellarator single-stage optimization algorithms to design the Columbia stellarator experiment

Citation Formats

References (71)

Similar Records

Related Subjects