Electrical control of magnetism by electric field and current-induced torques

Fert, Albert; Ramesh, Ramamoorthy; Garcia, Vincent; Casanova, Fèlix; Bibes, Manuel

doi:10.1103/revmodphys.96.015005

Title: Electrical control of magnetism by electric field and current-induced torques

Journal Article · 12 March 2024 · Reviews of Modern Physics

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.96.015005 · OSTI ID:2505041

Fert, Albert ^[1]; Ramesh, Ramamoorthy ^[2]; Garcia, Vincent ^[3];

^[4];

^[3]

Laboratoire Albert Fert, Palaiseau (France); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Palaiseau (France); Thales, Palaiseau (France); Univ. Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau (France); Univ. of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian (Spain); Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), San Sebastian (Spain)
University of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Laboratoire Albert Fert, Palaiseau (France); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Palaiseau (France); Thales, Palaiseau (France); Univ. Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau (France)
CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia (Spain); Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao (Spain). IKERBASQUE

The remanent magnetization of ferromagnets has long been studied and used to store binary information. While early magnetic memory designs relied on magnetization switching by locally generated magnetic fields, key insights in condensed matter physics later suggested the possibility of doing it by electrical means instead. In the 1990s, Slonczewski and Berger formulated the concept of current-induced spin torques in magnetic multilayers through which a spin-polarized current generated by a first ferromagnet may be used to switch the magnetization of a second one. This discovery drove the development of spin-transfer-torque magnetic random-access memories (MRAMs). More recent fundamental research revealed other types of current-induced torques named spin-orbit torques (SOTs) and will lead to a new generation of devices including SOT MRAMs and skyrmion-based devices. Parallel to these advances, multiferroics and their magnetoelectric coupling, first investigated experimentally in the 1960s, experienced a renaissance. Dozens of multiferroic compounds with new magnetoelectric coupling mechanisms were discovered and high-quality multiferroic films were synthesized (notably of BiFeO₃), also leading to novel device concepts for information and communication technology such as the magnetoelectric spin-orbit (MESO) transistor. The story of the electrical switching of magnetization, which is discussed in this review, is that of a dance between fundamental research (in spintronics, condensed matter physics, and materials science) and technology (MRAMs, MESO transistors, microwave emitters, spin diodes, skyrmion-based devices, components for neuromorphics, etc.). This pas de deux has led to major scientific and technological breakthroughs in recent decades (such as the conceptualization of pure spin currents, the observation of magnetic skyrmions, and the discovery of spin-charge interconversion effects). As a result, this field has not only propelled MRAMs into consumer electronics products but also fueled discoveries in adjacent research areas such as ferroelectrics or magnonics. Here, in this review, recent advances in the control of magnetism by electric fields and by current-induced torques are covered. Fundamental concepts in these two directions are reviewed first, their combination is then discussed, and finally current various families of devices harnessing the electrical control of magnetic properties for various application fields are addressed. The review concludes by giving perspectives in terms of both emerging fundamental physics concepts and new directions in materials science.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: European Research Council (ERC); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Materials Sciences & Engineering Division (MSE)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 2505041

Journal Information:: Reviews of Modern Physics, Journal Name: Reviews of Modern Physics Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 96; ISSN 0034-6861

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Intrinsic spin Hall effect and orbital Hall effect in 4 d and 5 d transition metals Tanaka, T.; Kontani, H.; Naito, M. Physical Review B, Vol. 77, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.77.165117	journal	April 2008
Ga1−xMnxAs/piezoelectric actuator hybrids: A model system for magnetoelastic magnetization manipulation Bihler, C.; Althammer, M.; Brandlmaier, A. Physical Review B, Vol. 78, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.78.045203	journal	July 2008
Giant magnetoelectric effect via strain-induced spin reorientation transitions in ferromagnetic films Pertsev, N. A. Physical Review B, Vol. 78, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.78.212102	journal	December 2008
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Role of an interfacial FeO layer in the electric-field-driven switching of magnetocrystalline anisotropy at the Fe/MgO interface Nakamura, Kohji; Akiyama, Toru; Ito, Tomonori Physical Review B, Vol. 81, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.81.220409	journal	June 2010
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Long-wavelength magnetic and magnetoelectric excitations in the ferroelectric antiferromagnet BiFeO 3 Talbayev, D.; Trugman, S. A.; Lee, Seongsu Physical Review B, Vol. 83, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.83.094403	journal	March 2011
Size-dependent electric voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy in multiferroic heterostructures: Interface-charge and strain comediated magnetoelectric coupling Hu, Jia-Mian; Nan, Ce-Wen; Chen, Long-Qing Physical Review B, Vol. 83, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.83.134408	journal	April 2011
Current-induced rotational torques in the skyrmion lattice phase of chiral magnets Everschor, Karin; Garst, Markus; Duine, R. A. Physical Review B, Vol. 84, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.064401	journal	August 2011
Ultrathin limit and dead-layer effects in local polarization switching of BiFeO 3 Maksymovych, Peter; Huijben, Mark; Pan, Minghu Physical Review B, Vol. 85, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.014119	journal	January 2012
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Anomalous temperature dependence of current-induced torques in CoFeB / MgO heterostructures with Ta-based underlayers Kim, Junyeon; Sinha, Jaivardhan; Mitani, Seiji Physical Review B, Vol. 89, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.89.174424	journal	May 2014
Control of current-induced spin-orbit effects in a ferromagnetic heterostructure by electric field Liu, R. H.; Lim, W. L.; Urazhdin, S. Physical Review B, Vol. 89, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.89.220409	journal	June 2014
Engineering relativistic effects in ferroelectric SnTe Plekhanov, E.; Barone, P.; Di Sante, D. Physical Review B, Vol. 90, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.90.161108	journal	October 2014
Epitaxial phases of BiMnO 3 from first principles Diéguez, Oswaldo; Íñiguez, Jorge Physical Review B, Vol. 91, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.184113	journal	May 2015
Dependence of the efficiency of spin Hall torque on the transparency of Pt/ferromagnetic layer interfaces Pai, Chi-Feng; Ou, Yongxi; Vilela-Leão, Luis Henrique Physical Review B, Vol. 92, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.92.064426	journal	August 2015
Primary ferrotoroidicity in antiferromagnets Tolédano, P.; Ackermann, M.; Bohatý, L. Physical Review B, Vol. 92, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.92.094431	journal	September 2015
Long-range pure magnon spin diffusion observed in a nonlocal spin-Seebeck geometry Giles, Brandon L.; Yang, Zihao; Jamison, John S. Physical Review B, Vol. 92, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.92.224415	journal	December 2015
Origin of inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect detected at the Cu/Bi interface using lateral spin valves Isasa, Miren; Martínez-Velarte, M. Carmen; Villamor, Estitxu Physical Review B, Vol. 93, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.93.014420	journal	January 2016
Second-principles method for materials simulations including electron and lattice degrees of freedom García-Fernández, Pablo; Wojdeł, Jacek C.; Íñiguez, Jorge Physical Review B, Vol. 93, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.93.195137	journal	May 2016
Rashba-Dresselhaus spin-splitting in the bulk ferroelectric oxide BiAlO 3 da Silveira, Luiz Gustavo Davanse; Barone, Paolo; Picozzi, Silvia Physical Review B, Vol. 93, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.93.245159	journal	June 2016
Magnetoelectroelastic control of magnetism in an artificial multiferroic Heidler, J.; Fechner, M.; Chopdekar, R. V. Physical Review B, Vol. 94, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.94.014401	journal	July 2016
Tuning the spin Hall effect of Pt from the moderately dirty to the superclean regime Sagasta, Edurne; Omori, Yasutomo; Isasa, Miren Physical Review B, Vol. 94, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.94.060412	journal	August 2016
Conversion between spin and charge currents with topological insulators Zhang, S.; Fert, A. Physical Review B, Vol. 94, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.94.184423	journal	November 2016
Possibility of combining ferroelectricity and Rashba-like spin splitting in monolayers of the 1 T -type transition-metal dichalcogenides M X 2 ( M = Mo , W ; X = S , Se , Te ) Bruyer, Emilie; Di Sante, Domenico; Barone, Paolo Physical Review B, Vol. 94, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.94.195402	journal	November 2016
Double band inversion in α -Sn: Appearance of topological surface states and the role of orbital composition Rogalev, Victor A.; Rauch, Tomáš; Scholz, Markus R. Physical Review B, Vol. 95, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.95.161117	journal	April 2017
Reversible spin texture in ferroelectric Hf O 2 Tao, L. L.; Paudel, Tula R.; Kovalev, Alexey A. Physical Review B, Vol. 95, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.95.245141	journal	June 2017
Spin injection and detection via the anomalous spin Hall effect of a ferromagnetic metal Das, K. S.; Schoemaker, W. Y.; van Wees, B. J. Physical Review B, Vol. 96, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.96.220408	journal	December 2017
Gigantic intrinsic orbital Hall effects in weakly spin-orbit coupled metals Jo, Daegeun; Go, Dongwook; Lee, Hyun-Woo Physical Review B, Vol. 98, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.98.214405	journal	December 2018
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Mechanisms of Exchange Bias with Multiferroic BiFeO 3 Epitaxial Thin Films Béa, H.; Bibes, M.; Ott, F. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 100, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.017204	journal	January 2008
Electric-Field-Induced Spin Flop in BiFeO 3 Single Crystals at Room Temperature Lebeugle, D.; Colson, D.; Forget, A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 100, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.227602	journal	June 2008
Possible Observation of Cycloidal Electromagnons in BiFeO 3 Cazayous, M.; Gallais, Y.; Sacuto, A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 101, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.037601	journal	July 2008
Magnetic-Field-Induced Ferroelectric State in DyFeO 3 Tokunaga, Y.; Iguchi, S.; Arima, T. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 101, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.097205	journal	August 2008
Large Electric Field Effect in Electrolyte-Gated Manganites Dhoot, Anoop Singh; Israel, Casey; Moya, Xavier Physical Review Letters, Vol. 102, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.136402	journal	March 2009
Topological Hall Effect in the A Phase of MnSi Neubauer, A.; Pfleiderer, C.; Binz, B. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 102, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.186602	journal	May 2009
Giant Modification of the Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy in Transition-Metal Monolayers by an External Electric Field Nakamura, Kohji; Shimabukuro, Riki; Fujiwara, Yuji Physical Review Letters, Vol. 102, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.187201	journal	May 2009
Multiferroicity in TTF-CA Organic Molecular Crystals Predicted through Ab Initio Calculations Giovannetti, Gianluca; Kumar, Sanjeev; Stroppa, Alessandro Physical Review Letters, Vol. 103, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.266401	journal	December 2009
Origin of the Magnetoelectric Coupling Effect in Pb ( Zr 0.2 Ti 0.8 ) O 3 / La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3 Multiferroic Heterostructures Vaz, C. A. F.; Hoffman, J.; Segal, Y. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.127202	journal	March 2010
Interface Ferromagnetism and Orbital Reconstruction in BiFeO 3 − La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 Heterostructures Yu, P.; Lee, J. -S.; Okamoto, S. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.027201	journal	July 2010
Spin and Charge Transport on the Surface of a Topological Insulator Burkov, A. A.; Hawthorn, D. G. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.066802	journal	August 2010
Spin-Torque Ferromagnetic Resonance Induced by the Spin Hall Effect Liu, Luqiao; Moriyama, Takahiro; Ralph, D. C. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.036601	journal	January 2011
Magnetic Ordering in Relation to the Room-Temperature Magnetoelectric Effect of Sr 3 Co 2 Fe 24 O 41 Soda, Minoru; Ishikura, Taishi; Nakamura, Hiroyuki Physical Review Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.087201	journal	February 2011
Spin Pumping at the Magnetic Insulator (YIG)/Normal Metal (Au) Interfaces Heinrich, B.; Burrowes, C.; Montoya, E. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 107, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.066604	journal	August 2011
Local Weak Ferromagnetism in Single-Crystalline Ferroelectric BiFeO 3 Ramazanoglu, M.; Laver, M.; Ratcliff, W. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 107, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.207206	journal	November 2011
Electric-Field Control of Nonvolatile Magnetization in Co 40 Fe 40 B 20 / Pb ( Mg 1 / 3 Nb 2 / 3 ) 0.7 Ti 0.3 O 3 Structure at Room Temperature Zhang, S.; Zhao, Y. G.; Li, P. S. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.137203	journal	March 2012
Electric Field Control of Nonvolatile Four-State Magnetization at Room Temperature Chun, Sae Hwan; Chai, Yi Sheng; Jeon, Byung-Gu Physical Review Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.177201	journal	April 2012
Switching Magnetization by 180° with an Electric Field Fechner, M.; Zahn, P.; Ostanin, S. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.197206	journal	May 2012
Long-Wavelength Helimagnetic Order and Skyrmion Lattice Phase in Cu 2 OSeO 3 Adams, T.; Chacon, A.; Wagner, M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.237204	journal	June 2012
Magnetic Cycloid of BiFeO 3 from Atomistic Simulations Rahmedov, D.; Wang, Dawei; Íñiguez, Jorge Physical Review Letters, Vol. 109, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.037207	journal	July 2012
Full Electric Control of Exchange Bias Wu, S. M.; Cybart, Shane A.; Yi, D. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 110, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.067202	journal	February 2013
Room-Temperature Multiferroic Hexagonal LuFeO 3 Films Wang, Wenbin; Zhao, Jun; Wang, Wenbo Physical Review Letters, Vol. 110, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.237601	journal	June 2013
Terahertz Spectroscopy of Spin Waves in Multiferroic BiFeO 3 in High Magnetic Fields Nagel, U.; Fishman, Randy S.; Katuwal, T. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 110, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.257201	journal	June 2013
Tuning the Competition between Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism in a Half-Doped Manganite through Magnetoelectric Coupling Yi, Di; Liu, Jian; Okamoto, Satoshi Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.127601	journal	September 2013
Spin Pumping and Inverse Spin Hall Effect in Platinum: The Essential Role of Spin-Memory Loss at Metallic Interfaces Rojas-Sánchez, J. -C.; Reyren, N.; Laczkowski, P. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 112, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.106602	journal	March 2014
Ultrafast Switching of the Electric Polarization and Magnetic Chirality in BiFeO 3 by an Electric Field Bhattacharjee, Satadeep; Rahmedov, Dovran; Wang, Dawei Physical Review Letters, Vol. 112, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.147601	journal	April 2014
Electric-Field-Induced Skyrmion Distortion and Giant Lattice Rotation in the Magnetoelectric Insulator Cu 2 OSeO 3 White, J. S.; Prša, K.; Huang, P. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.107203	journal	September 2014
Spin-Electricity Conversion Induced by Spin Injection into Topological Insulators Shiomi, Y.; Nomura, K.; Kajiwara, Y. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.196601	journal	November 2014
Electric-Field Control of the Orbital Occupancy and Magnetic Moment of a Transition-Metal Oxide Preziosi, Daniele; Alexe, Marin; Hesse, Dietrich Physical Review Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.157401	journal	October 2015
Spin-Current to Charge-Current Conversion and Magnetoresistance in a Hybrid Structure of Graphene and Yttrium Iron Garnet Mendes, J. B. S.; Alves Santos, O.; Meireles, L. M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.226601	journal	November 2015
Anatomy of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction at Co / Pt Interfaces Yang, Hongxin; Thiaville, André; Rohart, Stanislas Physical Review Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.267210	journal	December 2015
Spin to Charge Conversion at Room Temperature by Spin Pumping into a New Type of Topological Insulator: α -Sn Films Rojas-Sánchez, J. -C.; Oyarzún, S.; Fu, Y. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.096602	journal	March 2016
Full Electroresistance Modulation in a Mixed-Phase Metallic Alloy Liu, Z. Q.; Li, L.; Gai, Z. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.097203	journal	March 2016
Gate-Tunable Spin-Charge Conversion and the Role of Spin-Orbit Interaction in Graphene Dushenko, S.; Ago, H.; Kawahara, K. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.166102	journal	April 2016
Hund’s Rule-Driven Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction at 3 d − 5 d Interfaces Belabbes, A.; Bihlmayer, G.; Bechstedt, F. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 117, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.247202	journal	December 2016
Optimal Charge-to-Spin Conversion in Graphene on Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides Offidani, Manuel; Milletarì, Mirco; Raimondi, Roberto Physical Review Letters, Vol. 119, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.196801	journal	November 2017
Covariant Conservation Laws and the Spin Hall Effect in Dirac-Rashba Systems Milletarì, Mirco; Offidani, Manuel; Ferreira, Aires Physical Review Letters, Vol. 119, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.246801	journal	December 2017
Velocity Enhancement by Synchronization of Magnetic Domain Walls Hrabec, Aleš; Křižáková, Viola; Pizzini, Stefania Physical Review Letters, Vol. 120, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.227204	journal	May 2018
Interface-Generated Spin Currents Amin, V. P.; Zemen, J.; Stiles, M. D. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 121, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.136805	journal	September 2018
Ferroelectric Control of Interface Spin Filtering in Multiferroic Tunnel Junctions Tornos, J.; Gallego, F.; Valencia, S. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.037601	journal	January 2019
Electrically Switchable and Tunable Rashba-Type Spin Splitting in Covalent Perovskite Oxides Varignon, Julien; Santamaria, Jacobo; Bibes, Manuel Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.116401	journal	March 2019
Room-Temperature Spin-Orbit Torque from Topological Surface States Wu, Hao; Zhang, Peng; Deng, Peng Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.207205	journal	November 2019
Nonlocal Detection of Out-of-Plane Magnetization in a Magnetic Insulator by Thermal Spin Drag Avci, Can Onur; Rosenberg, Ethan; Huang, Mantao Physical Review Letters, Vol. 124, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.027701	journal	January 2020
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Nonvolatile Electric Field Control of Thermal Magnons in the Absence of an Applied Magnetic Field Parsonnet, Eric; Caretta, Lucas; Nagarajan, Vikram Physical Review Letters, Vol. 129, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.087601	journal	August 2022
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