Molecular Evolution of the H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin Cleavage Site Motif

Luczo, Jasmina M.; Spackman, Erica

doi:10.1002/rmv.70012

Title: Molecular Evolution of the H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin Cleavage Site Motif

Journal Article · 27 December 2024 · Reviews in Medical Virology

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.70012 · OSTI ID:2484080

^[1]; Spackman, Erica ^[2]

Australian Animal Health Laboratory Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation East Geelong Australia, United States Department of Agriculture Exotic &, Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory United States National Poultry Research Center Agricultural Research Service Athens Georgia USA
United States Department of Agriculture Exotic &, Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory United States National Poultry Research Center Agricultural Research Service Athens Georgia USA

ABSTRACT Avian influenza viruses are ubiquitous in the Anatinae subfamily of aquatic birds and occasionally spill over to poultry. Infection with low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses generally leads to subclinical or mild clinical disease. In contrast, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses emerge from low pathogenic forms and can cause severe disease associated with extraordinarily high mortality rates. Here, we describe the natural history of avian influenza virus, with a focus on H5Nx and H7Nx subtypes, and the emergence of highly pathogenic forms; we review the biology of AIV; we examine cleavage of haemagglutinin by host cell enzymes with a particular emphasis on the biochemical properties of the proprotein convertases, and trypsin and trypsin‐like proteases; we describe mechanisms implicated in the functional evolution of the haemagglutinin cleavage site motif that leads to emergence of HPAIVs; and finally, we discuss the diversity of H5 and H7 haemagglutinin cleavage site sequence motifs. It is crucial to understand the molecular attributes that drive the emergence and evolution of HPAIVs with pandemic potential to inform risk assessments and mitigate the threat of HPAIVs to poultry and human populations.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0014664

OSTI ID:: 2484080

Journal Information:: Reviews in Medical Virology, Journal Name: Reviews in Medical Virology Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 35; ISSN 1052-9276

Publisher:: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Country unknown/Code not available

Language:: English

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