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Title: Report on laser-induced fluorescence transitions relevant for the microelectronics industry and sustainability applications

Journal Article · · Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0004070 · OSTI ID:2482503

A wide variety of feed gases are used to generate low-temperature plasmas for the microelectronics and sustainability applications. These plasmas often have a complex combination of reactive and nonreactive species which may have spatial and temporal variations in density, temperature, and energy. Accurate knowledge of these parameters and their variations is critically important for understanding and advancing these applications through validated and predictive modeling and the design of relevant devices. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) provides both spatial and temporally resolved information about the plasma-produced radicals, ions, and metastables. However, the use of this powerful diagnostic tool requires the knowledge of optical transitions including excitation and fluorescence wavelengths which may not be available or scattered through a huge literature domain. In this paper, we collected, analyzed, and compiled the available transitions for laser-induced fluorescence for more than 160 chemical species relevant to the microelectronics industry and the sustainability applications. A list of species with overlapping LIF excitations and fluorescence wavelengths have been identified. Finally, this summary is intended to serve as a data reference for LIF transitions and should be updated in the future.

Research Organization:
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-09CH11466
OSTI ID:
2482503
Journal Information:
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, Journal Name: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A Journal Issue: 6 Vol. 42; ISSN 0734-2101
Publisher:
American Vacuum Society / AIPCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Identification of the Jahn–Teller active trichlorosiloxy (SiCl 3 O) free radical in the gas phase journal May 2020
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Quantitative evaluation of laser-induced fluorescence in magnetized low-pressure argon plasma journal January 2021
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A study of structured continua in K2excited by the 457.9 nm Ar-ion laser line journal May 1987
Measurement of high copper vapour densities by laser-induced fluorescence journal May 1988
Laser-induced fluorescence detection and kinetics of SiH2radicals in Ar/H2/SiH4RF discharges journal February 2000
Laser-induced resonance fluorescence as a diagnostic technique in non-thermal equilibrium plasmas journal April 2000
Absolute calibration of atomic density measurements by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy with two-photon excitation journal July 2001
Dry etching of SiC in inductively coupled Cl2/Ar plasma journal June 2004
Determination of absolute population densities of eroded tungsten in hollow cathode lamps and fluorescent lamps by laser-induced fluorescence journal August 2005
Plasma assisted ignition and combustion journal August 2006
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Laser induced fluorescence for Ti and Ti+density characterization in a magnetron discharge journal August 2008
A comprehensive study on the atom flow in the cross-field discharge of a Hall thruster journal February 2011
Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of {\rm N}_2(A\,{}^3\Sigma_{\rm u}^+) and absolute density calibration by Rayleigh scattering in capacitively coupled rf discharges journal April 2011
Absolute atomic chlorine densities in a Cl2 inductively coupled plasma determined by two-photon laser-induced fluorescence with a new calibration method journal April 2012
The 2012 Plasma Roadmap journal June 2012
Absolute calibration of OH density in a nanosecond pulsed plasma filament in atmospheric pressure He–H 2 O: comparison of independent calibration methods journal October 2013
Temperature and NO density measurements by LIF and OES on an atmospheric pressure plasma jet journal January 2013
A review of plasma–liquid interactions for nanomaterial synthesis journal September 2015
Plasma–catalysis: the known knowns, the known unknowns and the unknown unknowns journal May 2016
Atmospheric plasma generates oxygen atoms as oxidizing species in aqueous solutions journal September 2016
Laser-induced fluorescence as a tool to verify the reproducibility of iodine-based laser standards: a study of 96 iodine cells journal July 2013
Laser-induced fluorescence studies of elementary processes in a helium plasma following He 33P-23S and 31P-21S excitation journal April 2001
Laser Rayleigh scattering journal April 2001
Flow dynamics and invasion by background gas of a supersonically expanding thermal plasma journal October 2001
Laser-induced fluorescence measurements of absolute atomic densities: concepts and limitations journal May 2005
Plasma–wall interactions during silicon etching processes in high-density HBr/Cl 2 /O 2 plasmas journal May 2005
Evolution of the parallel and perpendicular ion velocity distribution functions in pulsed helicon plasma sources obtained by time resolved laser induced fluorescence journal October 2005
Laser-induced fluorescence of N 2 ( A\,^3\Sigma_{\rm u}^+ ) metastable in N 2 pulsed positive corona discharge journal February 2009
Method to obtain the electric field and the ionization frequency from laser induced fluorescence measurements journal July 2009
Measurements on argon ion by tunable diode-laser induced fluorescence in a low magnetic field helicon configuration reactor journal January 2011
Laser-induced fluorescence diagnostics of the cross-field discharge of Hall thrusters journal November 2012
${\rm N}_2(A{\,}^3\Sigma_{\rm u}^+)$ metastable density in nitrogen barrier discharges: I. LIF diagnostics and absolute calibration by Rayleigh scattering journal December 2012
Absolute OH density measurements in the effluent of a cold atmospheric-pressure Ar–H 2 O RF plasma jet in air journal August 2013
Time evolution of the electric field in a Hall thruster journal February 2014
Gas temperature determination from rotational lines in non-equilibrium plasmas: a review journal April 2014
Ground state bromine atom density measurements by two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence journal September 2014
Plasma–liquid interactions: a review and roadmap journal September 2016
Laser-induced fluorescence measurements of absolute SiH densities in - RF discharges and comparison with a numerical model journal May 1998
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The future of computing beyond Moore’s Law journal January 2020
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Experimental Investigation of the Plasma-Wall Transition journal May 2008
Laser-Induced Fluorescence in a Molecular Beam of Iodine journal January 1968
Plasma Ion Diagnostics Using Resonant Fluorescence journal June 1975
In situDiagnostics in Plasmas of Electronic-Ground-State Hydrogen Molecules in High Vibrational and Rotational States by Laser-Induced Fluorescence with Vacuum-Ultraviolet Radiation journal October 2000
Silicon quantum electronics journal July 2013
Plasma processing journal January 1994
Silicon Process and Manufacturing Technology Evolution: An overview of advancements in chip making journal July 2014
The End of Moore's Law: A New Beginning for Information Technology journal March 2017
Laser-Induced Fluorescence of Xe I and Xe II in Ambipolar Plasma Flow journal November 2018
Spatial distribution of carbon species in laser ablation of graphite target journal July 2001
Fluorocarbon-based plasma etching of SiO[sub 2]: Comparison of C[sub 4]F[sub 6]/Ar and C[sub 4]F[sub 8]/Ar discharges journal January 2002
Measurement of Cu atom density in a magnetron sputtering plasma source using an YBaCuO target by laser-induced fluorescence imaging spectroscopy
  • Gao, Junsi; Nafarizal, Nayan; Sasaki, Koichi
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 24, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.2353850
journal October 2006
Comparison of deep silicon etching using SF6/C4F8 and SF6/C4F6 plasmas in the Bosch process
  • Rhee, Hyongmoo; Kwon, Hyeokkyu; Kim, Chang-Koo
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena, Vol. 26, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.2884763
journal March 2008
Plasma-polymer interactions: A review of progress in understanding polymer resist mask durability during plasma etching for nanoscale fabrication
  • Oehrlein, Gottlieb S.; Phaneuf, Raymond J.; Graves, David B.
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena, Vol. 29, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.3532949
journal January 2011
Angular dependences of SiO2 etch rates in C4F6/O2/Ar and C4F6/CH2F2/O2/Ar plasmas
  • Cho, Sung-Woon; Kim, Chang-Koo; Lee, Jin-Kwan
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 30, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4732127
journal July 2012
Study on the etching characteristics of amorphous carbon layer in oxygen plasma with carbonyl sulfide
  • Kim, Jong Kyu; Cho, Sung Il; Kim, Nam Gun
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 31, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4780122
journal January 2013
Initial evaluation and comparison of plasma damage to atomic layer carbon materials using conventional and low T e plasma sources
  • Jagtiani, Ashish V.; Miyazoe, Hiroyuki; Chang, Josephine
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 34, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4936622
journal January 2016
Ag + reduction and silver nanoparticle synthesis at the plasma–liquid interface by an RF driven atmospheric pressure plasma jet: Mechanisms and the effect of surfactant
  • Kondeti, V. S. Santosh K.; Gangal, Urvashi; Yatom, Shurik
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 35, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4995374
journal November 2017
Status and prospects of plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition journal May 2019
Laser diagnostics of plasma etching: Measurement of Cl+2 in a chlorine discharge journal September 1982
Laser diagnostics of a silane plasma—SiH radicals in an a-Si:H chemical vapor deposition system
  • Matsumi, Y.; Hayashi, T.; Yoshikawa, H.
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.573938
journal May 1986
Investigation of selective SiO2-to-Si etching in an inductively coupled high-density plasma using fluorocarbon gases
  • Bell, F. H.; Joubert, O.; Oehrlein, G. S.
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.578942
journal November 1994
Competitive halogenation of silicon surfaces in HBr/Cl2 plasmas studied with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and in situ, real-time, pulsed laser-induced thermal desorption
  • Cheng, C. C.; Guinn, K. V.; Herman, I. P.
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 13, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.579638
journal July 1995
Two-dimensional imaging of CF2 density by laser-induced fluorescence in CF4 etching plasmas in the gaseous electronics conference reference cell
  • McMillin, Brian K.; Zachariah, Michael R.
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 15, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.580517
journal March 1997
State-resolved laser probing of As2 in a molecular-beam epitaxy reactor
  • Smilgys, Russell V.; Leone, Stephen R.
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics Processing and Phenomena, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.585037
journal May 1990
O · , H · , and · OH radical etching probability of polystyrene obtained for a radio frequency driven atmospheric pressure plasma jet journal May 2020
Ion velocity distribution functions across a plasma meniscus journal May 2023
Future of plasma etching for microelectronics: Challenges and opportunities journal June 2024
Atomic precision etch using a low-electron temperature plasma conference March 2016
Moore’s law: The journey ahead journal November 2022
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Reactive-Ion Etching of Si and SiO2 in a Plasma of a Mixture of HBr + O2 journal November 2020
High resolution polarization spectroscopy and laser induced fluorescence of CO2 around 2μm journal December 2006
Coaxial Laser Fluorescence System by Two-Photon Excitation for Atomic Hydrogen Detection in High-Temperature Plasmas journal May 1990
Measurement of Absolute Densities and Spatial Distributions of Si and SiH in an RF-Discharge Silane Plasma for the Chemical Vapor Deposition of a-Si:H Films journal July 1991
Laser-Induced-Fluorescence Detection of SiH2 Radicals in a Radio-Frequency Silane Plasma journal April 1993
Laser-Induced-Fluorescence Study of the SiH2 Density in RF SiH4 Plasmas with Xe, Ar, He, and H2 Dilution Gases journal January 1995
Surface Analysis during Plasma Etching by Laser-Induced Thermal Desorption journal April 1996
Detection of Metastable Chlorine Ions in Time-Modulated Plasma by Time Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence
  • Shinya Kumagai, Shinya Kumagai; Minoru Sasaki, Minoru Sasaki; Mitsumasa Koyanagi, Mitsumasa Koyanagi
  • Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 38, Issue 12S https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.38.7126
journal December 1999
Atomic Layer Etching at the Tipping Point: An Overview journal January 2015
Laser‐Induced‐FluorescenceSpectrum of the CNN Molecule journal January 1988
Laser induced fluorescence of HNO and DNO ã1A″ — -X1A′ in a supersonic free jet journal September 1989
Linewidth measurements of tunable diode lasers using heterodyne and etalon techniques journal November 1982
Collisional effects on laser-induced fluorescence measurements of hydroxide concentrations in a combustion environment 1: Effects for v′ = 0 excitation journal March 1984
Collisional effects on laser-induced fluorescence measurements of hydroxide concentrations in a combustion environment 2: Effects for v′ = 1 excitation journal May 1984
Time resolved laser induced fluorescence of the NH radical in low pressure N_2O flames journal August 1989
Laser-induced fluorescence temperature measurements in a dc arcjet used for diamond deposition journal August 1993
Temperature measurements in gases by use of planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging of NO journal September 1993
Visualization of CN by the use of planar laser-induced fluorescence in a cross section of an unseeded turbulent CH_4–air flame journal November 1994
New calibration method for the determination of the absolute density of CH radicals through laser-induced fluorescence journal July 1995
Absolute concentration measurements of CH radicals in a diamond-depositing dc-arcjet reactor journal May 1997
Two-photon laser-induced fluorescence of sodium in multiphase combustion journal June 2020
Detection of trace phosphorus in steel using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with laser-induced fluorescence journal April 2009
Experimental investigation of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy assisted with laser-induced fluorescence for trace aluminum detection in steatite ceramics journal March 2019
Non-Invasive Neutral Atom Density Measurements using fs-TALIF in a Magnetic Linear Plasma Device conference January 2021
Determinations of trace boron in superalloys and steels using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy assisted with laser-induced fluorescence journal January 2016
Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging of molecular oxygen in flames journal January 1986
Two-photon-excited fluorescence spectroscopy of atomic fluorine at 170 nm journal May 1988
High-sensitivity detection of NO in a flame using a tunable ArF laser journal October 1988
Two-dimensional imaging of molecular hydrogen in H_2–air diffusion flames using two-photon laser-induced fluorescence journal May 1991
Strategies for Formaldehyde Detection in Flames and Engines Using a Single-Mode Nd:YAG/OPO Laser System journal June 2005
Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection of NH3 in Flames with the Use of Two-Photon Excitation journal June 1990
Laser-Induced Fluorescence from N2+ Ions Generated by a Corona Discharge in Ambient Air journal September 2015
Laser-induced Fluorescence Measurement of Combustion Chemistry Intermediates journal January 1986
Development of Ar I and Ar II Measuring System using Laser-Induced Fluorescence Methods in High-Density Helicon Plasma journal January 2015
Spatial Profile of Ion Velocity Distribution Function in Helicon High-Density Plasma by Laser Induced Fluorescence Method
  • Tanida, Yuriko; Kuwahara, Daisuke; Shinohara, Shunjiro
  • TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY JAPAN, Vol. 14, Issue ists30 https://doi.org/10.2322/tastj.14.Pb_7
journal January 2016
Laser-Induced Fluorescence of Singly Ionized Iodine journal September 2018
Laser-induced Fluorescence Velocimetry of Xe II in the 30-cm NSTAR-type Ion Engine Plume conference June 2004
Diode Laser-Induced Fluorescence of Xenon Ion Velocity Distributions conference July 2005
Obtaining Velocity Distribution Using a Xenon Ion Line with Unknown Hyperfine Constants conference June 2009
A Preliminary Study of Krypton Laser-Induced Fluorescence conference July 2010
Krypton Tagging Velocimetry (KTV) Investigation of Shock-Wave/Turbulent Boundary-Layer Interaction conference January 2017