The SAGA Survey. V. Modeling Satellite Systems around Milky Way–Mass Galaxies with Updated UniverseMachine

Wang, Yunchong; Nadler, Ethan O.; Mao, Yao-Yuan; Wechsler, Risa H.; Abel, Tom; Behroozi, Peter; Geha, Marla; Asali, Yasmeen; de los Reyes, Mithi A. C.; Kado-Fong, Erin; Kallivayalil, Nitya; Tollerud, Erik J.; Weiner, Benjamin; Wu, John F.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad7f4c

Title: The SAGA Survey. V. Modeling Satellite Systems around Milky Way–Mass Galaxies with Updated UniverseMachine

Journal Article · 18 November 2024 · The Astrophysical Journal

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad7f4c · OSTI ID:2477707

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Abstract Environment plays a critical role in shaping the assembly of low-mass galaxies. Here, we use the U niverse M achine (UM) galaxy–halo connection framework and Data Release 3 of the Satellites Around Galactic Analogs (SAGA) Survey to place dwarf galaxy star formation and quenching into a cosmological context. UM is a data-driven forward model that flexibly parameterizes galaxy star formation rates (SFRs) using only halo mass and assembly history. We add a new quenching model to UM, tailored for galaxies with m _⋆ ≲ 10 ⁹ M _⊙ , and constrain the model down to m _⋆ ≳ 10 ⁷ M _⊙ using new SAGA observations of 101 satellite systems around Milky Way (MW)–mass hosts and a sample of isolated field galaxies in a similar mass range from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The new best-fit model, “UM-SAGA,” reproduces the satellite stellar mass functions, average SFRs, and quenched fractions in SAGA satellites while keeping isolated dwarfs mostly star-forming. The enhanced quenching in satellites relative to isolated field galaxies leads the model to maximally rely on halo assembly to explain the observed environmental quenching. Extrapolating the model down to m _⋆ ∼ 10 ^6.5 M _⊙ yields a quenched fraction of ≳30% for isolated field galaxies and ≳80% for satellites of MW-mass hosts at this stellar mass. Spectroscopic surveys can soon test this specific prediction to reveal the relative importance of internal feedback, cessation of mass and gas accretion, satellite-specific gas processes, and reionization for the evolution of faint low-mass galaxies.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 2477707

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 976; ISSN 0004-637X

Publisher:: American Astronomical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Modeling the Impact of Baryons on Subhalo Populations with Machine Learning Nadler, Ethan O.; Mao, Yao-Yuan; Wechsler, Risa H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 859, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac266	journal	June 2018
Modeling the Connection between Subhalos and Satellites in Milky Way–like Systems Nadler, Ethan O.; Mao, Yao-Yuan; Green, Gregory M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 873, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab040e	journal	March 2019
Milky Way Satellite Census. II. Galaxy–Halo Connection Constraints Including the Impact of the Large Magellanic Cloud Nadler, E. O.; Wechsler, R. H.; Bechtol, K. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 893, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab846a	journal	April 2020
The Dragonfly Wide Field Survey. I. Telescope, Survey Design, and Data Characterization Danieli, Shany; Lokhorst, Deborah; Zhang, Jielai The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 894, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab88a8	journal	May 2020
The SAGA Survey. II. Building a Statistical Sample of Satellite Systems around Milky Way–like Galaxies Mao, Yao-Yuan; Geha, Marla; Wechsler, Risa H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 907, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abce58	journal	February 2021
Quenching Timescales of Dwarf Satellites around Milky Way–mass Hosts Akins, Hollis B.; Christensen, Charlotte R.; Brooks, Alyson M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 909, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abe2ab	journal	March 2021
The Gas Content and Stripping of Local Group Dwarf Galaxies Putman, Mary E.; Zheng, Yong; Price-Whelan, Adrian M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 913, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abe391	journal	May 2021
Star Formation Histories from Spectral Energy Distributions and Color–magnitude Diagrams Agree: Evidence for Synchronized Star Formation in Local Volume Dwarf Galaxies over the Past 3 Gyr Olsen, Charlotte; Gawiser, Eric; Iyer, Kartheik The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 913, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abf3c2	journal	May 2021
UniverseMachine: Predicting Galaxy Star Formation over Seven Decades of Halo Mass with Zoom-in Simulations Wang, Yunchong; Nadler, Ethan O.; Mao, Yao-Yuan The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 915, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac024a	journal	July 2021
ELVES II: Globular Clusters and Nuclear Star Clusters of Dwarf Galaxies: the Importance of Environment Carlsten, Scott G.; Greene, Jenny E.; Beaton, Rachael L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 927, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac457e	journal	March 2022
Symphony: Cosmological Zoom-in Simulation Suites over Four Decades of Host Halo Mass Nadler, Ethan O.; Mansfield, Philip; Wang, Yunchong The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 945, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acb68c	journal	March 2023
ELVES. III. Environmental Quenching by Milky Way–mass Hosts Greene, Jenny E.; Danieli, Shany; Carlsten, Scott The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 949, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acc58c	journal	June 2023
Target Selection and Sample Characterization for the DESI LOW-Z Secondary Target Program Darragh-Ford, Elise; Wu, John F.; Mao, Yao-Yuan The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 954, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace902	journal	September 2023
The Hubble Space Telescope Survey of M31 Satellite Galaxies. II. The Star Formation Histories of Ultrafaint Dwarf Galaxies Savino, Alessandro; Weisz, Daniel R.; Skillman, Evan D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 956, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acf46f	journal	October 2023
Environment Matters: Predicted Differences in the Stellar Mass–Halo Mass Relation and History of Star Formation for Dwarf Galaxies Christensen, Charlotte R.; Brooks, Alyson M.; Munshi, Ferah The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 961, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad0c5a	journal	January 2024
SAGAbg. I. A Near-unity Mass-loading Factor in Low-mass Galaxies via Their Low-redshift Evolution in Stellar Mass, Oxygen Abundance, and Star Formation Rate Kado-Fong, Erin; Geha, Marla; Mao, Yao-Yuan The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 966, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad3042	journal	May 2024
symfind : Addressing the Fragility of Subhalo Finders and Revealing the Durability of Subhalos Mansfield, Philip; Darragh-Ford, Elise; Wang, Yunchong The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 970, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4e33	journal	July 2024
Comparing the Quenching Times of Faint M31 and Milky Way Satellite Galaxies Weisz, Daniel R.; Martin, Nicolas F.; Dolphin, Andrew E. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 885, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab4b52	journal	October 2019
A Recently Quenched Isolated Dwarf Galaxy Outside of the Local Group Environment Polzin, Ava; van Dokkum, Pieter; Danieli, Shany The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 914, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac024f	journal	June 2021
Star Formation Histories of Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxies: Environmental Differences between Magellanic and Non-Magellanic Satellites?* Sacchi, Elena; Richstein, Hannah; Kallivayalil, Nitya The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 920, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac2aa3	journal	October 2021
Tucana B: A Potentially Isolated and Quenched Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy at D ≈ 1.4 Mpc* Sand, David J.; Mutlu-Pakdil, Burçin; Jones, Michael G. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 935, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac85ee	journal	August 2022
Minor Merger Growth in Action: JWST Detects Faint Blue Companions around Massive Quiescent Galaxies at 0.5 ≤ z ≤ 3.0 Suess, Katherine A.; Williams, Christina C.; Robertson, Brant The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 956, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acf5e6	journal	October 2023
PEARLS: A Potentially Isolated Quiescent Dwarf Galaxy with a Tip of the Red Giant Branch Distance of 30 Mpc Carleton, Timothy; Ellsworth-Bowers, Timothy; Windhorst, Rogier A. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 961, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad1b56	journal	January 2024

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