Aspects of Spodumene Lithium Extraction Techniques

Nandihalli, Nagaraj; Chouhan, Rajiv K.; Kuchi, Rambabu; Hlova, Ihor Z.

doi:10.3390/su16198513

Title: Aspects of Spodumene Lithium Extraction Techniques

Journal Article · 30 September 2024 · Sustainability (Basel)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198513 · OSTI ID:2475068

^[1]; Chouhan, Rajiv K. ^[1];

^[1]; Hlova, Ihor Z. ^[1]

Ames Lab., and Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States)

Lithium (Li), a leading cathode material in rechargeable Li-ion batteries, is vital to modern energy storage technology, establishing it as one of the most impactful and strategical elements. Given the surge in the electric car market, it is crucial to improve lithium recovery from its rich mineral deposits using the most effective extraction technique. In recent years, both industry and academia have shown significant interest in Li recovery from various Li-bearing minerals. Of these, only extraction from spodumene has established a reliable industrial production of Li salts. The current approaches for cracking of the naturally occurring, stable α-spodumene structure into a more open structure—β-spodumene—involve the so-called decrepitation process that takes place at extreme temperatures of ~1100 °C. This conversion is necessary, as β-spodumene is more susceptible to chemical attacks facilitating Li extraction. In the last several decades, many techniques have been demonstrated and patented to process hard-rock mineral spodumene. The objective of this review is to present a thorough analysis of significant findings and the enhancement of process flowsheets over time that can be useful for both research endeavors and industrial process improvements. The review focuses on the following techniques: acid methods, alkali methods, carbonate roasting/autoclaving methods, sulfuric acid roasting/autoclaving methods, chlorinating methods, and mechanochemical activation. Recently, microwaves (MWs), as an energy source, have been employed to transform α-spodumene into β-spodumene. Considering its energy-efficient and short-duration aspects, the review discusses the interaction mechanism of MWs with solids, MW-assisted decrepitation, and Li extraction efficiencies. Finally, the merits and/or disadvantages, challenges, and prospects of the processes are summarized.

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Research Organization:: Ames Laboratory (AMES), Ames, IA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Energy Efficiency Office. Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Technologies Office (AMMTO); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Energy Efficiency Office. Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Technologies Office (AMMTO); USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-07CH11358

OSTI ID:: 2475068

Report Number(s):: AL-J--647; AL-J--700

Journal Information:: Sustainability (Basel), Journal Name: Sustainability (Basel) Journal Issue: 19 Vol. 16; ISSN 2071-1050

Publisher:: MDPICopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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