Modeling the impact of high thermal conductivity paper on the performance and life of power transformers

Bilyaz, S.; Bhati, A.; Hamalian, M.; Maynor, K.; Soori, T.; Gattozzi, A.; Penney, C.; Weeks, D.; Xu, Y.; Hu, L.; Zhu, J. Y.; Nelson, J. K.; Hebner, R.; Bahadur, V.

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27783

Title: Modeling the impact of high thermal conductivity paper on the performance and life of power transformers

Journal Article · 12 March 2024 · Heliyon

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27783 · OSTI ID:2470380

^[1]; Bhati, A. ^[1]; Hamalian, M. ^[1];

^[1]; Soori, T. ^[1];

^[1]; Penney, C. ^[1]; Weeks, D. ^[1];

^[1]; Hu, L. ^[2]; Zhu, J. Y. ^[3]; Nelson, J. K. ^[4];

^[1];

^[1]

Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States)
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
USDA Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI (United States)
Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, NY (United States)

Degradation of insulation paper is a key contributor to the failure of power transformers. Insulation degradation accelerates at elevated temperatures, which highlights the potential for better thermal management to prolong life. While several studies have analyzed the benefits of high thermal conductivity oil for reducing temperatures inside a transformer, this study is an initial assessment of the benefits of high thermal conductivity paper on transformer life. Blending particulates with cellulosic fibers offers a pathway for high thermal conductivity paper (with good dielectric properties), which can reduce internal temperatures. Presently, life extensions that can be achieved by the use of such thermally conducting papers were estimated, with the thermal conductivity of the paper being the key parameter under study. The analytical-numerical thermal model used in this study was validated against experimental measurements in a distribution transformer, adding confidence to the utility of the model. This model was then used to provide estimates of hot-spot temperature reduction resulting from the use of papers with higher thermal conductivity than baseline. Transformer life was predicted conventionally by tracking the degree of polymerization of paper over time, based on an Arrhenius model. Results indicate that increasing the thermal conductivity of paper from 0.2 W/mK (baseline) to 1W/mK reduces the hot spot temperature by 10°C. While degradation significantly depends on the moisture and oxygen content, the model shows that such a temperature reduction can increase life for all conditions, by as much as a factor of three.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E)

OSTI ID:: 2470380

Journal Information:: Heliyon, Journal Name: Heliyon Journal Issue: 6 Vol. 10; ISSN 2405-8440

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (52)

Temperature distribution in ONAN power transformer windings with finite element method Taghikhani, M. A.; Gholami, A. European Transactions on Electrical Power, Vol. 19, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/etep.251	journal	March 2008
A review of condition monitoring techniques and diagnostic tests for lifetime estimation of power transformers Islam, Md Mominul; Lee, Gareth; Hettiwatte, Sujeewa Nilendra Electrical Engineering, Vol. 100, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-017-0532-4	journal	April 2017
The effect of weather on grid systems and the reliability of electricity supply Ward, David M. Climatic Change, Vol. 121, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0916-z	journal	September 2013
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of Coupled Flow, Heat Transfer and Electromagnetic Problems in Electrical Transformers Smolka, Jacek; Bíró, Oszkár; Nowak, Andrzej J. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-009-9032-7	journal	May 2009
The kinetics and mechanisms of degradation of cellulosic insulation in power transformers Emsley, A. M. Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 44, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(94)90093-0	journal	January 1994
A study of degradation of cellulosic insulation materials in a power transformer. Part 2: tensile strength of cellulose insulation paper Hill, D. J. T.; Le, T. T.; Darveniza, M. Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 49, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(95)00100-Z	journal	January 1995
Experiments and modeling of heat transfer in oil transformer winding with zigzag cooling ducts Zhang, Jiahui; Li, Xianguo; Vance, Michael Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 28, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.02.012	journal	January 2008
Zonal thermal model of distribution transformer cooling Gastelurrutia, Jon; Ramos, Juan Carlos; Rivas, Alejandro Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 31, Issue 17-18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.08.004	journal	December 2011
Numerical prediction of local hot-spot phenomena in transformer windings Skillen, Alex; Revell, Alistair; Iacovides, Hector Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 36 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.11.054	journal	April 2012
CFD-based 3-D optimization of the mutual coil configuration for the effective cooling of an electrical transformer Smolka, Jacek Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 50, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.06.012	journal	January 2013
On the role of prosumers owning rooftop solar photovoltaic in reducing the impact on transformer’s aging due to plug-in electric vehicles charging Gray, M. K.; Morsi, W. G. Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 143 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2016.10.060	journal	February 2017
Assessing degradation of power transformer solid insulation considering thermal stress and moisture variation Medina, Ricardo D.; Romero, Andrés A.; Mombello, Enrique E. Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 151 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.04.006	journal	October 2017
Numerical study of transient flow dynamics in a core-type transformer windings Cotas, Carla; Santos, Ricardo Jorge; Gonçalves, Nelson Daniel Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106423	journal	October 2020
Experimental validation of the coupled fluid flow, heat transfer and electromagnetic numerical model of the medium-power dry-type electrical transformer Smolka, Jacek; Nowak, Andrzej J. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Vol. 47, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2007.11.004	journal	October 2008
Prevention of hot spot temperature in a distribution transformer using magnetic fluid as a coolant Patel, Jaykumar; Parekh, Kinnari; Upadhyay, R. V. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Vol. 103 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2015.12.012	journal	May 2016
The impacts of nanotechnology on the improvement of liquid insulation of transformers: Emerging trends and challenges Rafiq, Muhammad; Shafique, Muhammad; Azam, Anam Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 302 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112482	journal	March 2020
Causes of transformer failures and diagnostic methods – A review Aj, Christina; Salam, M. A.; Rahman, Q. M. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 82 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.165	journal	February 2018
Efficient sugar production from plant biomass: Current status, challenges, and future directions Zhu, J. Y.; Pan, Xuejun Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 164 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112583	journal	August 2022
Thermally Conductive, Electrical Insulating, Optically Transparent Bi-Layer Nanopaper Zhou, Lihui; Yang, Zhi; Luo, Wei ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b09471	journal	October 2016
Highly Thermally Conductive Papers with Percolative Layered Boron Nitride Nanosheets Zhu, Hongli; Li, Yuanyuan; Fang, Zhiqiang ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn500134m	journal	March 2014
Thermally conductive, dielectric PCM–boron nitride nanosheet composites for efficient electronic system thermal management Yang, Zhi; Zhou, Lihui; Luo, Wei Nanoscale, Vol. 8, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR07357C	journal	January 2016
Review of high thermal conductivity polymer dielectrics for electrical insulation Xiao, Meng; Du, Bo Xue High Voltage, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1049/hve.2016.0008	journal	April 2016
Degradation of cellulosic insulation in power transformers. Part 4: Effects of ageing on the tensile strength of paper Emsley, A. M.; Ali, M.; Xiao, X. IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology, Vol. 147, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-smt:20000644	journal	November 2000
Heat transfer comparison of nanofluid filled transformer and traditional oil-immersed transformer Zhang, Yunpeng; Ho, Siu-lau; Fu, Weinong AIP Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5006749	journal	January 2018
Nanocomposite dielectrics—properties and implications Nelson, J. K.; Hu, Y. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 38, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/38/2/005	journal	January 2005
Insulation thermal life considerations for transformer loading guides McNutt, W. J. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/61.108933	journal	January 1992
Recent Progress and Challenges in Transformer Oil Nanofluid Development: A Review on Thermal and Electrical Properties Amin, Danial; Walvekar, Rashmi; Khalid, Mohammad IEEE Access, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2946633	journal	January 2019
Overview and Partial Discharge Analysis of Power Transformers: A Literature Review Hussain, Md Rashid; Refaat, Shady S.; Abu-Rub, Haitham IEEE Access, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3075288	journal	January 2021
Review of Nanocomposite Dielectric Materials With High Thermal Conductivity Lokanathan, Manojkumar; Acharya, Palash V.; Ouroua, Abdelhamid Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 109, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2021.3085836	journal	August 2021
Modeling and Evaluating the Resilience of Critical Electrical Power Infrastructure to Extreme Weather Events Panteli, Mathaios; Mancarella, Pierluigi IEEE Systems Journal, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2015.2389272	journal	September 2017
Asset-Management of Transformers Based on Condition Monitoring and Standard Diagnosis [Feature Article] IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 24, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/MEI.2008.4581371	journal	July 2008
A survey of aging characteristics of cellulose insulation in natural ester and mineral oil Frimpong, George; Oommen, T.; Asano, Roberto IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 27, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/MEI.2011.6025367	journal	September 2011
Improvement of transformer liquid insulation using nanodielectric fluids: A review Primo, Victor Antonio; Garcia, Belen; Albarracin, Ricardo IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 34, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/MEI.2018.8345357	journal	May 2018
Failures, Monitoring and New Trends of Power Transformers Metwally, Ibrahim IEEE Potentials, Vol. 30, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/MPOT.2011.940233	journal	May 2011
Fire resistant natural ester dielectric fluid and novel insulation system for its use McShane, C. P.; Gauger, G. A.; Luksich, J. 1999 IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conference (Cat. No. 99CH36333) https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.1999.756167	conference	January 1999
Aging of paper insulation in natural ester dielectric fluid McShane, C. P.; Rapp, K. J.; Corkran, J. L. 2001 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition. Developing New Perspectives (Cat. No.01CH37294) https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2001.971319	conference	November 2001
Modeling dynamic propagation of characteristic gases in power transformers oil-paper insulation Shahsiah, A.; Degeneff, R. C.; Nelson, J. K. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2007.369535	journal	June 2007
Ageing rate of paper insulation used in power transformers Part 1: Oil/paper system with low oxygen concentration Lelekakis, N.; Martin, D.; Wijaya, J. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 19, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2012.6396958	journal	December 2012
High temperature breakdown strength and voltage endurance characterization of nanofilled polyamideimide Schadler, L. S.; Nelson, J. K.; Calebrese, C. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 19, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2012.6396969	journal	December 2012
Change in partial discharge activity as related to degradation level in oil-impregnated paper insulation: effect of high voltage impulses Kiiza, R.; Niasar, M.; Nikjoo, R. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 21, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2014.6832271	journal	June 2014
Numerical analysis of the hot-spot temperature of a power transformer with alternative dielectric liquids Santisteban, A.; Delgado, F.; Ortiz, A. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 24, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2017.006228	journal	October 2017
Degradation of Insulating Materials of Transformers Yoshida, H.; Ishioka, Y.; Suzuki, T. IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. EI-22, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/TEI.1987.298942	journal	December 1987
Aging of Oil-Impregnated Paper in Power Transformers Lundgaard, L. E.; Hansen, W.; Linhjell, D. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2003.820175	journal	January 2004
Dynamic Thermal Modelling of Power Transformers Susa, D.; Lehtonen, M.; Nordman, H. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2004.835255	journal	January 2005
Oil Cooling for Disk-Type Transformer Windings—Part II: Parametric Studies of Design Parameters Zhang, J.; Li, X. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 21, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2006.871018	journal	July 2006
Oil Cooling for Disk-Type Transformer Windings—Part 1: Theory and Model Development Zhang, J.; Li, X. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 21, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2006.871019	journal	July 2006
Advanced Thermal Modeling and Experimental Performance of Oil Distribution Transformers Rosillo, Miguel E.; Herrera, Carlos A.; Jaramillo, Guillermo IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 27, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2012.2205020	journal	October 2012
An Updated Model to Determine the Life Remaining of Transformer Insulation Martin, Daniel; Cui, Yi; Ekanayake, Chandima IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 30, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2014.2345775	journal	February 2015
Investigation of Thermal Behavior of an Oil-Directed Cooled Transformer Winding Tenbohlen, Stefan; Schmidt, Nicolas; Breuer, Christian IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 33, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2017.2711786	journal	June 2018
A Review on Properties, Opportunities, and Challenges of Transformer Oil-Based Nanofluids Rafiq, Muhammad; Lv, Yuzhen; Li, Chengrong Journal of Nanomaterials, Vol. 2016 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8371560	journal	January 2016
A Coupled, Semi-Numerical Model for Thermal Analysis of Medium Frequency Transformer Tian, Haonan; Wei, Zhongbao; Vaisambhayana, Sriram Energies, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020328	journal	January 2019
Dissolved Gas Analysis Equipment for Online Monitoring of Transformer Oil: A Review Bustamante, Sergio; Manana, Mario; Arroyo, Alberto Sensors, Vol. 19, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194057	journal	September 2019

Similar Records

Implementation of Remaining Useful Lifetime Transformer Models in the Fleet-Wide Prognostic and Health Management Suite

Conference · 2015 · OSTI ID:1179373

Agarwal, Vivek; Lybeck, Nancy J.; Pham, Binh; +2 more

Insulating Nanofluids and Solids to Upgrade our Large Aging Transformer Equipment (Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy Research Final Report)

Technical Report · 2024 · OSTI ID:2520528

Hebner, Robert

Internal 2-D Surface Temperature Measurements for Large Complex Geometries

Technical Report · 2022 · OSTI ID:1895023

Sjoberg, Carl Magnus; Prisbrey, Nathan; Hodges, Wyatt

Related Subjects

42 ENGINEERING
Degree of polymerization
High thermal conductivity
Insulation paper
Nanoparticles
Paper degradation
Power transformers
Thermal modeling
Transformer life model

Title: Modeling the impact of high thermal conductivity paper on the performance and life of power transformers

Citation Formats

References (52)

Similar Records

Related Subjects