Exploiting bacterial effector proteins to uncover evolutionarily conserved antiviral host machinery

Embry, Aaron; Baggett, Nina S.; Heisler, David B.; White, Addison; de Jong, Maarten F.; Kocsis, Benjamin L.; Tomchick, Diana R.; Alto, Neal M.; Gammon, Don B.

doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012010

Title: Exploiting bacterial effector proteins to uncover evolutionarily conserved antiviral host machinery

Journal Article · 15 May 2024 · PLoS Pathogens

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1012010 · OSTI ID:2470250

Embry, Aaron ^[1]; Baggett, Nina S. ^[1]; Heisler, David B. ^[1]; White, Addison ^[1]; de Jong, Maarten F. ^[1]; Kocsis, Benjamin L. ^[1]; Tomchick, Diana R. ^[1]; Alto, Neal M. ^[1];

^[1]

Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (United States)

Arboviruses are a diverse group of insect-transmitted pathogens that pose global public health challenges. Identifying evolutionarily conserved host factors that combat arbovirus replication in disparate eukaryotic hosts is important as they may tip the balance between productive and abortive viral replication, and thus determine virus host range. Here, we exploit naturally abortive arbovirus infections that we identified in lepidopteran cells and use bacterial effector proteins to uncover host factors restricting arbovirus replication. Bacterial effectors are proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria into eukaryotic hosts cells that can inhibit antimicrobial defenses. Since bacteria and viruses can encounter common host defenses, we hypothesized that some bacterial effectors may inhibit host factors that restrict arbovirus replication in lepidopteran cells. Thus, we used bacterial effectors as molecular tools to identify host factors that restrict four distinct arboviruses in lepidopteran cells. By screening 210 effectors encoded by seven different bacterial pathogens, we identify several effectors that individually rescue the replication of all four arboviruses. We show that these effectors encode diverse enzymatic activities that are required to break arbovirus restriction. We further characterize Shigella flexneri-encoded IpaH4 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that directly ubiquitinates two evolutionarily conserved proteins, SHOC2 and PSMC1, promoting their degradation in insect and human cells. We show that depletion of either SHOC2 or PSMC1 in insect or human cells promotes arbovirus replication, indicating that these are ancient virus restriction factors conserved across invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Collectively, our study reveals a novel pathogen-guided approach to identify conserved antimicrobial machinery, new effector functions, and conserved roles for SHOC2 and PSMC1 in virus restriction.

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Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Advanced Photon Source (APS)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 2470250

Journal Information:: PLoS Pathogens, Journal Name: PLoS Pathogens Journal Issue: 5 Vol. 20; ISSN 1553-7374

Publisher:: Public Library of ScienceCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Title: Exploiting bacterial effector proteins to uncover evolutionarily conserved antiviral host machinery

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