A thermal-driven graupel generation process to explain dry-season convective vigor over the Amazon

Matsui, Toshi; Hernandez-Deckers, Daniel; Giangrande, Scott E.; Biscaro, Thiago S.; Fridlind, Ann; Braun, Scott

doi:10.5194/acp-24-10793-2024

Title: A thermal-driven graupel generation process to explain dry-season convective vigor over the Amazon

Journal Article · 26 September 2024 · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10793-2024 · OSTI ID:2459296

Matsui, Toshi ^[1];

^[2];

^[3];

^[4];

^[5]; Braun, Scott ^[6]

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota (Colombia)
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
National Institute for Space Research, Sao Paulo (Brazil)
NASA Goddard Inst. for Space Studies (GISS), New York, NY (United States)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)

Large-eddy simulations (LESs) are conducted for each day of the intensive observation periods (IOPs) of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon) field campaign to characterize the updrafts and microphysics within deep convective cores while contrasting those properties between Amazon wet and dry seasons. Mean Doppler velocity (V_dop) values simulated using LESs are compared with 2-year measurements from a radar wind profiler (RWP) as viewed by statistical composites separated according to wet- and dry-season conditions. In the observed RWP and simulated LES V_dop composites, we find more intense low-level updraft velocity, vigorous graupel generation, and intense surface rain during the dry periods compared with the wet periods. To investigate coupled updraft–microphysical processes further, single-day golden cases are selected from the wet and dry periods to conduct detailed cumulus thermal tracking analysis. Tracking analysis reveals that simulated dry-season environments generate more droplet-loaded low-level thermals than wet-season environments. This tendency correlates with seasonal contrasts in buoyancy and vertical moisture advection profiles in large-scale forcing. Employing a normalized time series of mean thermal microphysics, the simulated cumulus thermals appear to be the primary generator of cloud droplets. When subsequent thermals penetrate the ice crystal layer, droplets within the thermals interact with entrained ice crystals, which enhances riming in the thermals. This appears to be a production pathway of graupel/hail particles within simulated deep convective cores. In addition, less-diluted dry-case thermals tend to be elevated higher, and graupel grows further during sedimentation after spilling out from thermals. Therefore, greater concentrations of low-level moist thermals likely result in more graupel/hail production and associated dry-season convective vigor.

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Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012704

OSTI ID:: 2459296

Report Number(s):: BNL--226232-2024-JAAM

Journal Information:: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online), Journal Name: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online) Journal Issue: 18 Vol. 24; ISSN 1680-7324

Publisher:: Copernicus Publications, EGUCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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