DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: Overcurrent Limiting in Grid-Forming Inverters: A Comprehensive Review and Discussion

Journal Article · · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
 [1];  [2]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [1]
  1. Power Systems Engineering Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
  2. Chandra Family Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
  3. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, WA, USA

Not Available

Research Organization:
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office
Grant/Contract Number:
AC36-08GO28308
OSTI ID:
2440902
Report Number(s):
NREL/JA--5D00-88404; 10603443
Journal Information:
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Journal Name: IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics Journal Issue: 11 Vol. 39; ISSN 0885-8993
Publisher:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (170)

Voltage-Sourced Converters in Power Systems: Modeling, Control, and Applications book January 2010
Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems December 2010
Power System Relaying book January 2008
Control of Electric Machine Drive Systems book January 2010
Transient performance comparison of grid-forming converters with different FRT control strategies journal December 2022
Power Systems Modelling and Fault Analysis: Theory and Practice book January 2019
Post-fault prediction of transient instabilities using stacked sparse autoencoder journal November 2018
Current limiting algorithms and transient stability analysis of grid-forming VSCs journal December 2020
Transmission line protection algorithm based on voltage sequence component under high penetration of inverter-based resources journal December 2021
Grid-forming control VSC-based including current limitation and re-synchronization functions to deal with symmetrical and asymmetrical faults journal October 2023
An improved control strategy of virtual synchronous generator under symmetrical grid voltage sag journal May 2020
Preventing loss of synchronism of droop-based grid-forming converters during frequency excursions journal June 2023
Analysis of equilibrium points and optimal grid support of grid-forming modular multilevel converter for balanced and unbalanced faults journal November 2023
Effects of current limit for grid forming converters on transient stability: Analysis and solution journal July 2024
The application of line protection relays in high voltage AC transmission grids considering the capabilities and limitations of connected MMCs conference January 2020
Impact of converter-based distributed generation units on fault behaviour of distribution grids conference January 2020
Anti-windup design: an overview of some recent advances and open problems journal January 2009
Low‐voltage ride through control strategy of virtual synchronous generator based on the analysis of excitation state journal March 2018
The Migrate project: the challenges of operating a transmission grid with only inverter‐based generation. A grid‐forming control improvement with transient current‐limiting control journal November 2017
Optimal short‐circuit current control of the grid‐forming converter during grid fault condition journal May 2021
Control of parallel connected inverters in standalone AC supply systems journal January 1993
Nonlinear current-limiting control for grid-tied inverters conference July 2016
An Asymmetric Short-Circuit Fault Ride-Through Strategy Providing Current Limiting and Continuous Voltage Supply for Three-Phase Three-Wire Stand-Alone Inverters journal November 2020
Grid Forming Inverter Modeling, Control, and Applications journal January 2021
Projected grid-forming control for current-limiting of power converters conference September 2019
A new control structure for grid-connected LCL PV inverters with zero steady-state error and selective harmonic compensation conference February 2004
Dispatchable Virtual Oscillator Control for Decentralized Inverter-dominated Power Systems: Analysis and Experiments conference March 2019
Grid-Forming Nature Retaining Fault Ride-Through Control conference March 2023
On the Passivity of Grid-Forming Converters — Role of Virtual Impedance conference March 2022
Freezing Grid-Forming Converter Virtual Angular Speed to Enhance Transient Stability Under Current Reference Limiting conference November 2020
Enhanced Large-Signal Stability Method for Grid-Forming Inverters During Current Limiting conference June 2023
Evaluation of current limiting methods for grid forming inverters in medium voltage microgrids conference September 2015
A Grid-compatible Virtual Oscillator Controller: Analysis and Design conference September 2019
Current Limitation Strategy For Grid-Forming Converters Under Symmetrical And Asymmetrical Grid Faults conference October 2020
A Single-phase Enhanced Grid-forming Controller with Converter Current Limiting conference October 2021
Dispatchable Virtual-oscillator-controlled Inverters with Current-limiting and MPPT Capabilities conference October 2021
A Current Limiting Control Strategy for Single-Loop Droop-Controlled Grid-Forming Inverters Under Balanced and Unbalanced Faults conference October 2022
Voltage Phasor Based Current Limiting for Grid-Forming Converters conference October 2022
A Power Angle Limiting Method for Improving Stability of Grid-Forming Inverter Under Overcurrent Condition conference October 2022
Dispatchable Virtual Oscillator Inverter: Fault Mitigation in Weak Grids conference October 2023
A Two-Stage Current Limiting Control Strategy for Improved Low-Voltage Ride-Through Capability of Direct-Droop-Controlled, Grid-Forming Inverters conference October 2023
Evaluation of Current-Limiting Strategies for Grid-Forming Inverters conference October 2023
Hybrid Threshold Virtual Impedance for Fault Current Limiting in Grid-Forming Converters conference October 2023
Development of Adaptive Overcurrent Relaying Scheme for IIDG Microgrids conference September 2018
Virtual synchronous machine conference October 2007
A control strategy of single-phase active filter using a novel d-q transformation conference October 2003
A Comprehensive Study of Orthogonal Signal Generation Schemes for Single Phase Systems conference January 2021
Adaptive Voltage Restrained Overcurrent Relaying for Protection of Distribution System with PV Plant conference December 2021
A Current Controlled Virtual Synchronous Machine Adapted for Operation under Unbalanced Conditions conference September 2020
SRF-based Current-Limiting Droop Controller for Three-Phase Grid-Tied Inverters conference October 2018
PLL-Less Three-Phase Droop-Controlled Inverter with Inherent Current-Limiting Property conference October 2019
Experimental Evaluation of Grid-Forming Inverters Under Unbalanced and Fault Conditions
  • Gurule, Nicholas S.; Hernandez-Alvidrez, Javier; Darbali-Zamora, Rachid
  • IECON 2020 - 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2020 The 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON43393.2020.9254562
conference October 2020
Comparison of Droop Control and Virtual Oscillator Control Realized by Andronov-Hopf Dynamics conference October 2020
Transient Stability Analysis and Enhancement for VSG with Virtual Impedance based Current Limitation conference October 2022
On the Distance Protection of Power Grids dominated by Grid-forming Inverters conference October 2022
Positive-Sequence Phasor Modeling of Droop-Controlled, Grid-Forming Inverters with Fault Current Limiting Function conference April 2022
Resilient Inverter-Driven Black Start with Collective Parallel Grid-Forming Operation conference January 2023
Large-Signal Stability Improvement of Parallel Grid-Forming Inverter-Driven Black Start conference February 2024
Virtual resistance principle for the overcurrent protection of PWM voltage source inverter conference October 2010
Novel Fault Distance Estimation Method for Lines Connected to Converter-based Generation conference October 2021
Per-phase vector (dq) controlled three-phase grid-forming inverter for stand-alone systems conference June 2011
A Virtual Synchronous Control for Voltage-Source Converters Utilizing Dynamics of DC-Link Capacitor to Realize Self-Synchronization journal December 2017
Current Limiting Control With Enhanced Dynamics of Grid-Forming Converters During Fault Conditions journal June 2020
A Comparative Study of Two Widely Used Grid-Forming Droop Controls on Microgrid Small-Signal Stability journal June 2020
Critical Clearing Time Determination and Enhancement of Grid-Forming Converters Embedding Virtual Impedance as Current Limitation Algorithm journal June 2020
The Suppression of Voltage Overshoot and Oscillation During the Fast Recovery Process From Load Short-Circuit Fault for Three-Phase Stand-Alone Inverter journal February 2021
Dual Voltage–Current Control to Provide Grid-Forming Inverters With Current Limiting Capability journal August 2022
A Current-Limiting Scheme for Voltage-Controlled Inverter Using Instantaneous Current to Generate Virtual Impedance journal February 2023
Power System Stability With a High Penetration of Inverter-Based Resources journal July 2023
Achieving a 100% Renewable Grid: Operating Electric Power Systems with Extremely High Levels of Variable Renewable Energy journal March 2017
Modeling and simulation of three phase inverter for fault study of microgrids conference September 2012
Energy function for a grid-tied, droop-controlled inverter conference September 2014
Real time simulation of new adaptive overcurrent technique for microgrid protection conference December 2016
Differential Protection for Lines Connected to Inverter-Based Resources: Problems and Solution conference December 2022
A Review of Current-Limiting Control of Grid-Forming Inverters Under Symmetrical Disturbances journal January 2022
Voltage-Based Current Limitation Strategy to Preserve Grid-Forming Properties Under Severe Grid Disturbances journal January 2023
Design of current-controller with PR-regulator for LCL-filter based grid-connected converter conference June 2010
Fault models of inverter-interfaced distributed generators: Experimental verification and application to fault analysis conference July 2011
Impact of controlling zero sequence current in a three-phase four-wire LV network with PV units conference July 2016
Current limiting leads to virtual power angle synchronous instability of droop-controlled converters conference July 2016
Black Start of Unbalanced Microgrids Harmonizing Single- and Three-Phase Grid-Forming Inverters conference July 2023
Three-phase grid-forming droop control for unbalanced systems and fault ride through conference July 2023
Voltage Balancing of Grid-Forming Inverters in Unbalanced, Islanded Microgrids conference July 2023
Generalized theory of instantaneous active and reactive powers in single-phase circuits based on Hilbert transform conference June 2002
Grid-forming Inverter Experimental Testing of Fault Current Contributions conference June 2019
Design of Adaptive Overcurrent Protection Scheme for a Grid-Integrated Solar PV Microgrid conference August 2020
Fault Ride-Through Control of Cascaded H-Bridge Converter-Based Battery Energy Storage Systems with Redundant Submodules conference December 2022
Bounded Integral Control of Input-to-State Practically Stable Nonlinear Systems to Guarantee Closed-Loop Stability journal December 2016
A Lyapunov Framework for Nested Dynamical Systems on Multiple Time Scales With Application to Converter-Based Power Systems journal December 2021
A Current Saturation Strategy for Enhancing the Low Voltage Ride-Through Capability of Grid-Forming Inverters journal March 2023
Enhanced Current-Limiting Droop Controller for Grid-Connected Inverters to Guarantee Stability and Maximize Power Injection Under Grid Faults journal December 2019
Blackstart of Unbalanced Microgrids Using Grid-Forming Inverter with Voltage Balancing Capability conference April 2022
Impacts of Low-Voltage Distribution Grid Codes on Ancillary Services and Anti-Islanding Detection of Inverter-Based Generation journal December 2016
Model Reduction for Inverters With Current Limiting and Dispatchable Virtual Oscillator Control journal December 2022
Stationary-Frame Grid-Forming Inverter Control Architectures for Unbalanced Fault-Current Limiting journal December 2022
On Fault-Ride-Through Performance in MMC-HVDC Applications Controlled as a Virtual Synchronous Machine journal December 2022
Provably-Stable Overload Ride-Through Control for Grid-Forming Inverters Using System-Wide Lyapunov Function Analysis journal September 2022
Current-Constrained Power-Angle Characterization Method for Transient Stability Analysis of Grid-Forming Voltage Source Converters journal January 2023
Analysis, Design, and Implementation of Virtual Impedance for Power Electronics Interfaced Distributed Generation journal November 2011
Virtual Impedance Current Limiting for Inverters in Microgrids With Synchronous Generators journal March 2015
On The Implementation of an FRT Strategy for Grid-Forming Converters Under Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Grid Faults journal September 2021
PLL-Less Nonlinear Current-Limiting Controller for Single-Phase Grid-Tied Inverters: Design, Stability Analysis, and Operation Under Grid Faults journal September 2016
Current-Limiting Droop Control of Grid-Connected Inverters journal July 2017
Characteristics and Restraining Method of Fast Transient Inrush Fault Currents in Synchronverters journal September 2017
Impact of VSC Control Strategies and Incorporation of Synchronous Condensers on Distance Protection Under Unbalanced Faults journal February 2019
An Adaptive Fault Ride-Through Scheme for Grid-Forming Inverters Under Asymmetrical Grid Faults journal December 2022
A Power-Angle-Based Adaptive Overcurrent Protection Scheme for Grid-Forming Inverter Under Large Grid Disturbances journal August 2022
Stationary frame current regulation of PWM inverters with zero steady-state error journal May 2003
Control of Distributed Generation Systems— Part I: Voltages and Currents Control journal November 2004
Decoupled Double Synchronous Reference Frame PLL for Power Converters Control journal March 2007
Comparison of Current-Limiting Strategies During Fault Ride-Through of Inverters to Prevent Latch-Up and Wind-Up journal July 2014
Virtual-Impedance-Based Control for Voltage-Source and Current-Source Converters journal December 2015
An Improved Second-Order Generalized Integrator Based Quadrature Signal Generator journal June 2016
A Frequency-Fixed SOGI-Based PLL for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Converters journal March 2017
A Current Limiting Strategy With Parallel Virtual Impedance for Three-Phase Three-Leg Inverter Under Asymmetrical Short-Circuit Fault to Improve the Controllable Capability of Fault Currents journal August 2019
Rethinking Current Controller Design for PLL-Synchronized VSCs in Weak Grids journal January 2021
A Current Limiting Method for Single-Loop Voltage-Magnitude Controlled Grid-Forming Converters During Symmetrical Faults journal April 2022
Small-Signal Modeling and Controller Parameters Tuning of Grid-Forming VSCs With Adaptive Virtual Impedance-Based Current Limitation journal June 2022
Virtual Oscillator Grid-Forming Inverters: State of the Art, Modeling, and Stability journal October 2022
Impacts of Current Limiting on the Transient Stability of the Virtual Synchronous Generator journal September 2022
Controller-Saturation-Based Transient Stability Enhancement for Grid-Forming Inverters journal October 2023
Double Synchronous Unified Virtual Oscillator Control for Asymmetrical Fault Ride-Through in Grid-Forming Voltage Source Converters journal June 2023
Practical Implementation of Delayed Signal Cancellation Method for Phase-Sequence Separation journal January 2007
Control of a Multiple Source Microgrid With Built-in Islanding Detection and Current Limiting journal October 2012
A Control Strategy for Enhanced Operation of Inverter-Based Microgrids Under Transient Disturbances and Network Faults journal October 2012
Accurate Estimation of Single-Phase Grid Voltage Parameters Under Distorted Conditions journal June 2014
Distance Protection of Lines Emanating From Full-Scale Converter-Interfaced Renewable Energy Power Plants—Part I: Problem Statement journal August 2015
Reinforcing Fault Ride Through Capability of Grid Forming Voltage Source Converters Using an Enhanced Voltage Control Scheme journal October 2019
Single Line to Ground Fault Detection in a Non-Effectively Grounded Distribution Network journal December 2018
Transmission Line Protection for Systems With Inverter-Based Resources – Part I: Problems journal August 2021
Grid-Forming Control With Current Limitation for MMC Under Unbalanced Fault Ride-Through journal June 2021
Selectivity Problem in Adaptive Overcurrent Protection for Microgrid With Inverter-Based Distributed Generators (IBDG): Theoretical Investigation and HIL Verification journal November 2022
Impact of Inverter-Based Resources on Different Implementation Methods for Distance Relays—Part I: Phase Comparators journal December 2023
Power-Synchronization Control of Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters journal May 2010
Synchronous Instability Mechanism of P-f Droop-Controlled Voltage Source Converter Caused by Current Saturation journal November 2016
Transient Stability Assessment and Enhancement of Grid-Forming Converters Embedding Current Reference Saturation as Current Limiting Strategy journal March 2022
Stability Analysis of a Weak-Grid-Connected Voltage-Sourced Rectifier Considering the Phase-Locked Loop Dynamics journal April 2022
Equivalent Circuit Model of Grid-Forming Converters With Circular Current Limiter for Transient Stability Analysis journal May 2022
Fault Recovery Analysis of Grid-Forming Inverters With Priority-Based Current Limiters journal November 2023
Model Reduction and Dynamic Aggregation of Grid-forming Inverter Networks journal January 2022
A Current Limiting Strategy to Improve Fault Ride-Through of Inverter Interfaced Autonomous Microgrids journal September 2017
Virtual-Impedance-Based Fault Current Limiters for Inverter Dominated AC Microgrids journal May 2018
Transient Stability Analysis and Control Design of Droop-Controlled Voltage Source Converters Considering Current Limitation journal January 2019
Nonlinear Lyapunov Stability Analysis of Seven Models of a DC/AC Droop Controlled Inverter Connected to an Infinite Bus journal January 2019
Survivability of Autonomous Microgrid During Overload Events journal July 2019
Employing Machine Learning for Enhancing Transient Stability of Power Synchronization Control During Fault Conditions in Weak Grids journal May 2022
Blackstart and Fault Ride-Through Capability of DFIG-Based Wind Turbines journal October 2022
Variable Virtual Impedance-Based Overcurrent Protection for Grid-Forming Inverters: Small-Signal, Large-Signal Analysis and Improvement journal September 2023
A Novel Transient Control Strategy for VSC-HVDC Connecting Offshore Wind Power Plant journal October 2014
Sequence-Based Control Strategy With Current Limiting for the Fault Ride-Through of Inverter-Interfaced Distributed Generators journal January 2020
Grid-Forming Control for Solar PV Systems With Power Reserves journal October 2021
IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces standard April 2018
2800-2022 - IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs) Interconnecting with Associated Transmission Electric Power Systems standard April 2022
A new single-phase PLL structure based on second order generalized integrator conference June 2006
Use of voltage limits for current limitation in grid-forming converters journal February 2020
Applying Line Current Differential Protection in Systems with Inverter-Based Resources preprint March 2022
Research Roadmap on Grid-Forming Inverters report November 2020
Model Specification of Droop-Controlled, Grid-Forming Inverters (GFMDRP_A) report December 2021
UNIFI Specifications for Grid-Forming Inverter-Based Resources (V. 2) report March 2024
Converter Meets Distance Protection: A Good Match? conference September 2021
Novel Hybrid Current Limiter for Grid-Forming Inverter Control During Unbalanced Faults conference May 2023
Influence of reactive current settings of converters on distance protection conference October 2020
Grid-Forming Converter Overcurrent Limiting Strategy Based on Additional Current Loop journal February 2023
Synchronous Power Control of Grid-Connected Power Converters under Asymmetrical Grid Fault journal July 2017
Overview on Grid-Forming Inverter Control Methods journal May 2020
Impact of Inverter Based Resources on System Protection journal February 2021
Enhanced TVI for Grid Forming VSC under Unbalanced Faults journal September 2021
Performance Comparisons of Three-Phase/Four-Wire Model Predictive Control-Based DC/AC Inverters Capable of Asymmetric Operation for Wave Energy Converters journal April 2022
Transient Stability Analysis and Post-Fault Restart Strategy for Current-Limited Grid-Forming Converter journal May 2022
Grid Forming Converters in Renewable Energy Sources Dominated Power Grid: Control Strategy, Stability, Application, and Challenges journal January 2021