3D Printing of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems with Linear and Bottlebrush Polyelectrolytes

Jin, Zichen; Seong, Hong‐Gyu; Srivastava, Satyam; McGlasson, Alex; Emrick, Todd; Muthukumar, Murugappan; Russell, Thomas P.

doi:10.1002/anie.202404382

Title: 3D Printing of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems with Linear and Bottlebrush Polyelectrolytes

Journal Article · 14 April 2024 · Angewandte Chemie (International Edition)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202404382 · OSTI ID:2429605

^[1]; Seong, Hong‐Gyu ^[1]; Srivastava, Satyam ^[1];

^[1];

^[2]

University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA (United States)

In this study, we formed core–shell-like polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) from an anionic bottlebrush polymer with poly (acrylic acid) side chains with a cationic linear poly (allylamine hydrochloride). By varying the pH, the number of side chains of the polyanionic BB polymers (Nbb), the charge density of the polyelectrolytes, and the salt concentration, the phase separation behavior and salt resistance of the complexes could be tuned by the conformation of the BBs. By combining the linear/bottlebrush polyelectrolyte complexation with all-liquid 3D printing, flow-through tubular constructs were produced that showed selective transport across the PEC membrane comprising the walls of the tubules. These tubular constructs afford a new platform for flow-through delivery systems.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Materials Sciences & Engineering Division (MSE); US Army Research Office (ARO); US Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR); National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 2429605

Journal Information:: Angewandte Chemie (International Edition), Journal Name: Angewandte Chemie (International Edition) Journal Issue: 25 Vol. 63; ISSN 1433-7851

Publisher:: WileyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (79)

Titelbild: Strukturell definierte molekulare hypervalente Iod-Katalysatoren für intermolekulare enantioselektive Reaktionen (Angew. Chem. 1/2016) Haubenreisser, Stefan; Wöste, Thorsten H.; Martínez, Claudio Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 128, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201510990	journal	December 2015
One-Step Microfluidic Fabrication of Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules in Aqueous Conditions for Protein Release Zhang, Liyuan; Cai, Li-Heng; Lienemann, Philipp S. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 55, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201606960	journal	September 2016
Porous Polyelectrolytes: The Interplay of Charge and Pores for New Functionalities Zhang, Weiyi; Zhao, Qiang; Yuan, Jiayin Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 57, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201710272	journal	April 2018
In Situ Hydrolysis of Block Copolymers at the Water‐Oil Interface Chen, Zhan; Hu, Mingqiu; Li, Xindi Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 61, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202201392	journal	April 2022
Détermination de la viscosité intrinsèque de solutions de polymères par une simple détermination de la viscosité Solomon, O. F.; Ciutǎ, I. Z. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 6, Issue 24, p. 683-686 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1962.070062414	journal	November 1962
Dependence of intrinsic viscosity and molecular size on molecular weight of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide Zhang, Hao; Feng, Yujun Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 138, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.50850	journal	April 2021
A new aqueous biphasic system containing polypropylene glycol and a water‐miscible ionic liquid Zafarani‐Moattar, Mohammed Taghi; Hamzehzadeh, Sholeh; Nasiri, Saeed Biotechnology Progress, Vol. 28, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.718	journal	September 2011
Rodlike combs Wintermantel, Matthias; Schmidt, Manfred; Tsukahara, Yasuhisa Macromolecular Rapid Communications, Vol. 15, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.1994.030150315	journal	March 1994
Aromatic poly(amic acids): Fundamental structural studies Wallach, M. L. Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050402	journal	July 1967
Scale and structure dependent solute diffusivity within microporous tissue engineering scaffolds Offeddu, Giovanni S.; Mohee, Lakshana; Cameron, Ruth E. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, Vol. 31, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-020-06381-x	journal	May 2020
Light scattering and the absolute characterization of macromolecules Wyatt, Philip J. Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 272, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(93)80373-S	journal	February 1993
Application of low-angle laser light scattering detection in the field of biochemistry Takagi, Toshio Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 506 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)91596-1	journal	May 1990
Diffusion coefficient measurements in microfluidic devices Culbertson, C. Talanta, Vol. 56, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00602-6	journal	February 2002
The intrinsic viscosity of biological macromolecules. Progress in measurement, interpretation and application to structure in dilute solution Harding, Stephen E. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Vol. 68, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6107(97)00027-8	journal	September 1997
Synthesis of silver nanoshell-coated cationic polystyrene beads: A solid phase catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol Jana, S.; Ghosh, S.; Nath, S. Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 313, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2006.07.007	journal	September 2006
Compartmentalized, All-Aqueous Flow-Through-Coordinated Reaction Systems Xie, Ganhua; Forth, Joe; Chai, Yu Chem, Vol. 5, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2019.07.016	journal	October 2019
A comprehensive review on polyelectrolyte complexes Meka, Venkata S.; Sing, Manprit K. G.; Pichika, Mallikarjuna R. Drug Discovery Today, Vol. 22, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2017.06.008	journal	November 2017
Polyelectrolyte complexes: Bulk phases and colloidal systems Gucht, Jasper van der; Spruijt, Evan; Lemmers, Marc Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 361, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.05.080	journal	September 2011
Biopolymers in Medical Implants: A Brief Review Rebelo, Rita; Fernandes, Margarida; Fangueiro, Raul Procedia Engineering, Vol. 200 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.034	journal	January 2017
Protein-encapsulated doxorubicin reduces cardiotoxicity in hiPSC-cardiomyocytes and cardiac spheroids while maintaining anticancer efficacy Arzt, Madelyn; Gao, Bowen; Mozneb, Maedeh Stem Cell Reports, Vol. 18, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.08.005	journal	October 2023
Bottlebrush Glycopolymers from 2-Oxazolines and Acrylamides for Targeting Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin and Mannose-Binding Lectin Beyer, Valentin P.; Monaco, Alessandra; Napier, Richard Biomacromolecules, Vol. 21, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00246	journal	April 2020
Effect of pH and Molecular Length on the Structure and Dynamics of Short Poly(acrylic acid) in Dilute Solution: Detailed Molecular Dynamics Study Mintis, Dimitris G.; Mavrantzas, Vlasis G. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 123, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01696	journal	April 2019
General Physical Description of the Behavior of Oppositely Charged Polyelectrolyte/Surfactant Mixtures at the Air/Water Interface Varga, Imre; Campbell, Richard A. Langmuir, Vol. 33, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01288	journal	May 2017
Effects of Non-Electrostatic Intermolecular Interactions on the Phase Behavior of pH-Sensitive Polyelectrolyte Complexes Li, Lu; Srivastava, Samanvaya; Meng, Siqi Macromolecules, Vol. 53, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00999	journal	August 2020
50th Anniversary Perspective : A Perspective on Polyelectrolyte Solutions Muthukumar, M. Macromolecules, Vol. 50, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01929	journal	December 2017
Linear Viscoelasticity and Swelling of Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervates Hamad, Fawzi G.; Chen, Quan; Colby, Ralph H. Macromolecules, Vol. 51, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00401	journal	July 2018
Spin-Coated Polyelectrolyte Coacervate Films Kelly, Kristopher D.; Schlenoff, Joseph B. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b02988	journal	June 2015
Designing Electrostatic Interactions via Polyelectrolyte Monomer Sequence Lytle, Tyler K.; Chang, Li-Wei; Markiewicz, Natalia ACS Central Science, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.9b00087	journal	March 2019
Rapid Multilevel Compartmentalization of Stable All-Aqueous Blastosomes by Interfacial Aqueous-Phase Separation Zhu, Shipei; Forth, Joe; Xie, Ganhua ACS Nano, Vol. 14, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c02923	journal	June 2020
Bottlebrush Polymers at Liquid Interfaces: Assembly Dynamics, Mechanical Properties, and All-Liquid Printed Constructs Seong, Hong-Gyu; Fink, Zachary; Chen, Zhan ACS Nano, Vol. 17, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c02684	journal	July 2023
Self-Cross-Linking Polyelectrolyte Complexes for Therapeutic Cell Encapsulation Mazumder, M. A. Jafar; Shen, Feng; Burke, Nicholas A. D. Biomacromolecules, Vol. 9, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/bm800580c	journal	July 2008
Molecular Weights of Celluloses and Cellulose Derivates Kraemer, Elmer O. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 30, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50346a023	journal	October 1938
The Viscosity of Dilute Solutions of Long-Chain Molecules. IV. Dependence on Concentration Huggins, Maurice L. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 64, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01263a056	journal	November 1942
Bioinspired Bottle-Brush Polymer Exhibits Low Friction and Amontons-like Behavior Banquy, Xavier; Burdyńska, Joanna; Lee, Dong Woog Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja501770y	journal	April 2014
Aqueous Self-Assembly of Giant Bottlebrush Block Copolymer Surfactants as Shape-Tunable Building Blocks Fenyves, Ryan; Schmutz, Marc; Horner, Ian J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja503283r	journal	May 2014
Driving Forces for Oppositely Charged Polyion Association in Aqueous Solutions: Enthalpic, Entropic, but Not Electrostatic Fu, Jingcheng; Schlenoff, Joseph B. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b11878	journal	January 2016
Role of Associative Charging in the Entropy–Energy Balance of Polyelectrolyte Complexes Rathee, Vikramjit S.; Sidky, Hythem; Sikora, Benjamin J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 140, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b08649	journal	October 2018
Response of Polyelectrolyte Complexes to Subsequent Addition of Salts with Different Cations Dautzenberg, Herbert; Kriz, Jaroslav Langmuir, Vol. 19, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/la0209482	journal	June 2003
Electrostatic Free Energy of Weakly Charged Macromolecules in Solution and Intermacromolecular Complexes Consisting of Oppositely Charged Polymers Biesheuvel, P. Maarten; Cohen Stuart, Martien A. Langmuir, Vol. 20, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/la036204l	journal	March 2004
Charge Density Dependence of Correlation Length Due to Electrostatic Repulsion in Polyelectrolyte Solutions Nishida, Koji; Kaji, Keisuke; Kanaya, Toshiji Macromolecules, Vol. 28, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00111a047	journal	March 1995
Phase Diagram of Polyelectrolyte Solutions: Weak Polymer Effect Muthukumar, M. Macromolecules, Vol. 35, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma021456z	journal	October 2002
Influence of the Degree of Ionization on Weak Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Assembly Choi, Jeeyoung; Rubner, Michael F. Macromolecules, Vol. 38, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma048596o	journal	January 2005
How Nano Are Nanocomposites? Schaefer, Dale W.; Justice, Ryan S. Macromolecules, Vol. 40, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma070356w	journal	November 2007
Binodal Compositions of Polyelectrolyte Complexes Spruijt, Evan; Westphal, Adrie H.; Borst, Jan Willem Macromolecules, Vol. 43, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma101031t	journal	August 2010
Saloplastic Macroporous Polyelectrolyte Complexes: Cartilage Mimics Hariri, Haifa H.; Schlenoff, Joseph B. Macromolecules, Vol. 43, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma1012978	journal	September 2010
Humidity Dependence of the Ionic Conductivity of Polyelectrolyte Complexes De, Souvik; Cramer, Cornelia; Schönhoff, Monika Macromolecules, Vol. 44, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma201949s	journal	October 2011
Structure and Dynamics of Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervates Studied by Scattering of Neutrons, X-rays, and Light Spruijt, Evan; Leermakers, Frans A. M.; Fokkink, Remco Macromolecules, Vol. 46, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma400132s	journal	May 2013
The Polyelectrolyte Complex/Coacervate Continuum Wang, Qifeng; Schlenoff, Joseph B. Macromolecules, Vol. 47, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma500500q	journal	April 2014
Cylindrical Brush Polymers with Polysarcosine Side Chains: A Novel Biocompatible Carrier for Biomedical Applications Hörtz, Christian; Birke, Alexander; Kaps, Leonard Macromolecules, Vol. 48, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma502497x	journal	March 2015
Phase Behavior and Coacervation of Aqueous Poly(acrylic acid)−Poly(allylamine) Solutions Chollakup, Rungsima; Smitthipong, Wirasak; Eisenbach, Claus D. Macromolecules, Vol. 43, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma902144k	journal	March 2010
Molecular Bottlebrushes ^† Wintermantel, Matthias; Gerle, Markus; Fischer, Karl Macromolecules, Vol. 29, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma950227s	journal	January 1996
Solution Properties of Polymacromonomers Consisting of Polystyrene. 3. Viscosity Behavior in Cyclohexane and Toluene Terao, Ken; Hokajo, Toshio; Nakamura, Yo Macromolecules, Vol. 32, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma990091o	journal	May 1999
Interfacial Tension of Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervate Phases Qin, Jian; Priftis, Dimitrios; Farina, Robert ACS Macro Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/mz500190w	journal	May 2014
Chirality-selected phase behaviour in ionic polypeptide complexes Perry, Sarah L.; Leon, Lorraine; Hoffmann, Kyle Q. Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7052	journal	January 2015
Engineering the multiscale complexity of vascular networks O’Connor, Colleen; Brady, Eileen; Zheng, Ying Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-022-00447-8	journal	May 2022
Polymer-Salt Aqueous Two-Phase System (ATPS) Micro-Droplets for Cell Encapsulation Mastiani, Mohammad; Firoozi, Negar; Petrozzi, Nicholas Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51958-4	journal	October 2019
Structure, function, self-assembly, and applications of bottlebrush copolymers Verduzco, Rafael; Li, Xianyu; Pesek, Stacy L. Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 44, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00329B	journal	January 2015
The pH-responsive behaviour of poly(acrylic acid) in aqueous solution is dependent on molar mass Swift, Thomas; Swanson, Linda; Geoghegan, Mark Soft Matter, Vol. 12, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5SM02693H	journal	January 2016
Transfer matrix theory of polymer complex coacervation Lytle, Tyler K.; Sing, Charles E. Soft Matter, Vol. 13, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7SM01080J	journal	January 2017
Partitioning-dependent conversion of polyelectrolyte assemblies in an aqueous two-phase system Ma, Qingming; Yuan, Hao; Song, Yang Soft Matter, Vol. 14, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7SM02275A	journal	January 2018
Emerging aqueous two-phase systems: from fundamentals of interfaces to biomedical applications Chao, Youchuang; Shum, Ho Cheung Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 49, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CS00466A	journal	January 2020
Dilute solution structure of bottlebrush polymers Dutta, Sarit; Wade, Matthew A.; Walsh, Dylan J. Soft Matter, Vol. 15, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SM00033J	journal	January 2019
Molecular dynamics simulation study of linear, bottlebrush, and star-like amphiphilic block polymer assembly in solution Wessels, Michiel G.; Jayaraman, Arthi Soft Matter, Vol. 15, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SM00375D	journal	January 2019
Thermoresponsive PNIPAAM bottlebrush polymers with tailored side-chain length and end-group structure Li, Xianyu; ShamsiJazeyi, Hadi; Pesek, Stacy L. Soft Matter, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sm52614c	journal	January 2014
On the shape of bottle-brush macromolecules: Systematic variation of architectural parameters Rathgeber, Silke; Pakula, Tadeusz; Wilk, Agnieszka The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 122, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1860531	journal	March 2005
Entropy and enthalpy of polyelectrolyte complexation: Langevin dynamics simulations Ou, Zhaoyang; Muthukumar, M. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2178803	journal	April 2006
A Monte Carlo simulation study of branched polymers Yethiraj, Arun The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 125, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2374884	journal	November 2006
Phase behavior of polyelectrolyte solutions with salt Lee, Chi-Lun; Muthukumar, Murugappan The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 130, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3054140	journal	January 2009
Electrostatic correlations and the polyelectrolyte self energy Shen, Kevin; Wang, Zhen-Gang The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 146, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4975777	journal	February 2017
Polyelectrolyte complex coacervation by electrostatic dipolar interactions Adhikari, Sabin; Leaf, Michael A.; Muthukumar, Murugappan The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 149, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5029268	journal	October 2018
Polyelectrolyte complexes in solution and in bulk Kabanov, Viktor A. Russian Chemical Reviews, Vol. 74, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1070/RC2005v074n01ABEH001165	journal	January 2005
Direct visualization of bottlebrush polymer conformations in the solid state Chan, Jonathan M.; Kordon, Avram C.; Zhang, Ruimeng Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 118, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2109534118	journal	October 2021
Dripping to Jetting Transitions in Coflowing Liquid Streams Utada, Andrew S.; Fernandez-Nieves, Alberto; Stone, Howard A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 99, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.094502	journal	August 2007
Evolutionary origins of the blood vascular system and endothelium Monahan-Earley, R.; Dvorak, A. M.; Aird, W. C. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Vol. 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.12253	journal	June 2013
Modeling Advection and Diffusion of Oxygen in Complex Vascular Networks Beard, Daniel A.; Bassingthwaighte, James B. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 29, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1114/1.1359450	journal	April 2001
Connecting field and intensity correlations: The Siegert relation and how to test it Ferreira, Dilleys; Bachelard, Romain; Guerin, William American Journal of Physics, Vol. 88, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1119/10.0001630	journal	October 2020
A tumor cord model for Doxorubicin delivery and dose optimization in solid tumors Eikenberry, Steffen Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4682-6-16	journal	August 2009
Controlling the physicochemical properties of weak polyelectrolyte multilayer films through acid/base equilibria Burke, S. E.; Barrett, C. J. Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 76, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476071387	journal	January 2004
Biopolymers for Surgical Applications Bibire, Tudor; Yilmaz, Onur; Ghiciuc, Cristina Mihaela Coatings, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020211	journal	February 2022

Similar Records

Structure and properties of bottlebrush polyelectrolyte complexes

Journal Article · 2023 · Journal of Polymer Science · OSTI ID:2580640

Stevens, Kaden; Tirrell, Matthew

Effects of Non-Electrostatic Intermolecular Interactions on the Phase Behavior of pH-Sensitive Polyelectrolyte Complexes

Journal Article · 2020 · Macromolecules · OSTI ID:1774601

Li, Lu; Srivastava, Samanvaya; Meng, Siqi; +2 more

Bottlebrush-Guided Polymer Crystallization Resulting in Supersoft and Reversibly Moldable Physical Networks

Journal Article · 2017 · Macromolecules · OSTI ID:1438302

Daniel, William F. M.; Xie, Guojun; Vatankhah Varnoosfaderani, Mohammad; +6 more

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
3D Liquid Printing
Bottlebrush Polyelectrolytes
Polyelectrolyte Complexation
Transport

Title: 3D Printing of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems with Linear and Bottlebrush Polyelectrolytes

Citation Formats

References (79)

Similar Records

Related Subjects