Heterogeneous mantle effects on the behavior of SmKS waves and outermost core imaging

Frost, Daniel A.; Garnero, Edward J.; Creasy, Neala Marie; Wolf, Jonathan; Bozdag, Ebru; Long, Maureen D.; Aderoju, Adeolu; Vite, Reynaldo

doi:10.1093/gji/ggae135

Title: Heterogeneous mantle effects on the behavior of SmKS waves and outermost core imaging

Journal Article · 12 April 2024 · Geophysical Journal International

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggae135 · OSTI ID:2426767

Frost, Daniel A. ^[1]; Garnero, Edward J. ^[2];

^[3]; Wolf, Jonathan ^[4]; Bozdag, Ebru ^[5]; Long, Maureen D. ^[4]; Aderoju, Adeolu ^[2]; Vite, Reynaldo ^[5]

Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (United States)
Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States)
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States)

Seismic traveltime anomalies of waves that traverse the uppermost 100–200 km of the outer core have been interpreted as evidence of reduced seismic velocities (relative to radial reference models) just below the core–mantle boundary (CMB). These studies typically investigate differential traveltimes of SmKS waves, which propagate as P waves through the shallowest outer core and reflect from the underside of the CMB m times. The use of SmKS and S(m-1)KS differential traveltimes for core imaging are often assumed to suppress contributions from earthquake location errors and unknown and unmodelled seismic velocity heterogeneity in the mantle. The goal of this study is to understand the extent to which differential SmKS traveltimes are, in fact, affected by anomalous mantle structure, potentially including both velocity heterogeneity and anisotropy. Velocity variations affect not only a wave's traveltime, but also the path of a wave, which can be observed in deviations of the wave's incoming direction. Since radial velocity variations in the outer core will only minimally affect the wave path, in contrast to other potential effects, measuring the incoming direction of SmKS waves provides an additional diagnostic as to the origin of traveltime anomalies. Here we use arrays of seismometers to measure traveltime and direction anomalies of SmKS waves that sample the uppermost outer core. We form subarrays of EarthScope's regional Transportable Array stations, thus measuring local variations in traveltime and direction. We observe systematic lateral variations in both traveltime and incoming wave direction, which cannot be explained by changes to the radial seismic velocity profile of the outer core. Moreover, we find a correlation between incoming wave direction and traveltime anomaly, suggesting that observed traveltime anomalies may be caused, at least in part, by changes to the wave path and not solely by perturbations in outer core velocity. Modelling of 1-D ray and 3-D wave propagation in global 3-D tomographic models of mantle velocity anomalies match the trend of the observed traveltime anomalies. Overall, we demonstrate that observed SmKS traveltime anomalies may have a significant contribution from 3-D mantle structure, and not solely from outer core structure.

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Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001

OSTI ID:: 2426767

Report Number(s):: LA-UR--23-29864

Journal Information:: Geophysical Journal International, Journal Name: Geophysical Journal International Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 237; ISSN 0956-540X

Publisher:: Oxford University PressCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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