On the perturbation effect and LET dependence of beam quality correction factors in carbon ion beams

Journal Article · 05 November 2022 · Medical Physics

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.16089 · OSTI ID:2424833

Khan, Ahtesham Ullah ^[1]; Nelson, Nicholas P. ^[1]; Culberson, Wesley S. ^[1]; DeWerd, Larry A. ^[1]

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1. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)

Background: In a recent study, we reported beam quality correction factors, f_Q, in carbon ion beams using Monte Carlo (MC) methods for a cylindrical and a parallel-plate ionization chamber (IC). A non-negligible perturbation effect was observed; however, the magnitude of the perturbation correction due to the specific IC subcomponents was not included. Furthermore, the stopping power data presented in the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) report 73 were used, whereas the latest stopping power data have been reported in the ICRU report 90. Purpose: The aim of this study was to extend our previous work by computing f_Q correction factors using the ICRU 90 stopping power data and by reporting IC-specific perturbation correction factors. Possible energy or linear energy transfer (LET) dependence of the f_Q correction factor was investigated by simulating both pristine beams and spread-out Bragg peaks (SOBPs). Methods: The TOol for PArticle Simulation (TOPAS)/GEANT4 MC code was used in this study. A 30 × 30 × 50 cm³ water phantom was simulated with a uniform 10 × 10 cm² parallel beam incident on the surface. A Farmer-type cylindrical IC (Exradin A12) and two parallel-plate ICs (Exradin P11 and A11) were simulated in TOPAS using the manufacturer-provided geometrical drawings. The f_Q correction factor was calculated in pristine carbon ion beams in the 150–450 MeV/u energy range at 2 cm depth and in the middle of the flat region of four SOBPs. The k_Q correction factor was calculated by simulating the f_Qo correction factor in a ⁶⁰Co beam at 5 cm depth. The perturbation correction factors due to the presence of the individual IC subcomponents, such as the displacement effect in the air cavity, collecting electrode, chamber wall, and chamber stem, were calculated at 2 cm depth for monoenergetic beams only. Additionally, the mean dose-averaged and track-averaged LET was calculated at the depths at which the f_Q was calculated. Results: The ICRU 90 f_Q correction factors were reported. The p_dis correction factor was found to be significant for the cylindrical IC with magnitudes up to 1.70%. The individual perturbation corrections for the parallel-plate ICs were <1.0% except for the A11 p_cel correction at the lowest energy. The f_Q correction for the P11 IC exhibited an energy dependence of >1.00% and displayed differences up to 0.87% between pristine beams and SOBPs. Conversely, the f_Q for A11 and A12 displayed a minimal energy dependence of <0.50%. The energy dependence was found to manifest in the LET dependence for the P11 IC. A statistically significant LET dependence was found only for the P11 IC in pristine beams only with a magnitude of <1.10%. Conclusions: The perturbation and k_Q correction factor should be calculated for the specific IC to be used in carbon ion beam reference dosimetry as a function of beam quality.

• Research Organization: University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)
• Sponsoring Organization: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC)
• OSTI ID: 2424833
• Journal Information: Medical Physics, Journal Name: Medical Physics Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 50; ISSN 0094-2405
• Publisher: American Association of Physicists in MedicineCopyright Statement
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English