The High Energy X-ray Probe (HEX-P): supernova remnants, pulsar wind nebulae, and nuclear astrophysics

Reynolds, Stephen; An, Hongjun; Abdelmaguid, Moaz; Alford, Jason; Fryer, Chris; Mori, Kaya; Nynka, Melania; Park, Jaegeun; Terada, Yukikatsu; Woo, Jooyun; Bamba, Aya; Bangale, Priyadarshini; Diesing, Rebecca; Eagle, Jordan; Gabici, Stefano; Gelfand, Joseph; Grefenstette, Brian; Garcia, Javier; Kim, Chanho; Kumar, Sajan; Intyre, Brydyn Mac; Madsen, Kristin; Manconi, Silvia; Motogami, Yugo; Ohsumi, Hayato; Olmi, Barbara; Sato, Toshiki; Shang, Ruo-Yu; Stern, Daniel; Tsuji, Naomi; Younes, George; Zoglauer, Andreas

doi:10.3389/fspas.2023.1321278

Title: The High Energy X-ray Probe (HEX-P): supernova remnants, pulsar wind nebulae, and nuclear astrophysics

Journal Article · 22 December 2023 · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1321278 · OSTI ID:2406634

Reynolds, Stephen ^[1]; An, Hongjun ^[2]; Abdelmaguid, Moaz ^[3]; Alford, Jason ^[3]; Fryer, Chris ^[4]; Mori, Kaya ^[5]; Nynka, Melania ^[6]; Park, Jaegeun ^[2]; Terada, Yukikatsu ^[7]; Woo, Jooyun ^[5]; Bamba, Aya ^[8]; Bangale, Priyadarshini ^[9]; Diesing, Rebecca ^[10]; Eagle, Jordan ^[11]; Gabici, Stefano ^[12]; Gelfand, Joseph ^[3]; Grefenstette, Brian ^[13]; Garcia, Javier ^[11]; Kim, Chanho ^[2]; Kumar, Sajan ^[14] more »

North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)
Chungbuk National Univ., Cheongju (Korea, Republic of)
New York Univ. (NYU), Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States)
Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States). Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research
Saitama Univ. (Japan); Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, Kanagawa (Japan). Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)
Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE (United States)
Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
Univ. Paris Cité (France); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris (France)
California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB (Canada)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Annecy-le-Vieux (France); Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Annecy-le-Vieux (France)
Saitama Univ. (Japan)
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Firenze (Italy). Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Palermo (Italy). Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo
Meiji Univ., Kanagawa (Japan)
Barnard College, New York, NY (United States)
California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
Kanagawa Univ., Yokohama, Kanagawa (Japan)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)

HEX-P is a probe-class mission concept that will combine high spatial resolution X-ray imaging (< 10" full width at half maximum) and broad spectral coverage (0.2–80 keV) with an effective area far superior to current facilities (including XMM-Newton and NuSTAR) to enable revolutionary new insights into a variety of important astrophysical problems. HEX-P is ideally suited to address important problems in the physics and astrophysics of supernova remnants (SNRs) and pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe). For shell SNRs, HEX-P can greatly improve our understanding via more accurate spectral characterization and localization of non-thermal X-ray emission from both non-thermal-dominated SNRs and those containing both thermal and non-thermal components, and can discover previously unknown non-thermal components in SNRs. Multi-epoch HEX-P observations of several young SNRs (e.g., Cas A and Tycho) are expected to detect year-scale variabilities of X-ray filaments and knots, thus enabling us to determine fundamental parameters related to diffusive shock acceleration, such as local magnetic field strengths and maximum electron energies. For PWNe, HEX-P will provide spatially-resolved, broadband X-ray spectral data separately from their pulsar emission, allowing us to study how particle acceleration, cooling, and propagation operate in different evolution stages of PWNe. HEX-P is also poised to make unique and significant contributions to nuclear astrophysics of Galactic radioactive sources by improving detections of, or limits on, 44Ti in the youngest SNRs and by potentially discovering rare nuclear lines as evidence of double neutron star mergers. Throughout the paper, we present simulations of each class of objects, demonstrating the power of both the imaging and spectral capabilities of HEX-P to advance our knowledge of SNRs, PWNe, and nuclear astrophysics.

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Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001

OSTI ID:: 2406634

Report Number(s):: LA-UR--23-33254

Journal Information:: Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Journal Name: Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences Vol. 10; ISSN 2296-987X

Publisher:: Frontiers Research FoundationCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 119, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101	journal	October 2017
Vortical Amplification of the Magnetic Field at an Inward Shock of Supernova Remnant Cassiopeia A Fraschetti, F.; Katsuda, S.; Sato, T. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 120, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.251101	journal	June 2018
Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Electrons Aguilar, M.; Ali Cavasonza, L.; Alpat, B. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.101101	journal	March 2019
Synthesis of the Elements in Stars Burbidge, E. Margaret; Burbidge, G. R.; Fowler, William A. Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 29, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.29.547	journal	October 1957
Synchrotron nebulae created by anisotropic magnetized pulsar winds Komissarov, S. S.; Lyubarsky, Y. E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 349, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07597.x	journal	April 2004
Enhanced simulations on the Athena/Wide Field Imager instrumental background Eraerds, Tanja; Antonelli, Valeria; Davis, Chris Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems, Vol. 7, Issue 03 https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JATIS.7.3.034001	journal	July 2021
The Cassiopeia A Supernova Was of Type IIb Krause, O.; Birkmann, S. M.; Usuda, T. Science, Vol. 320, Issue 5880 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155788	journal	May 2008
Extended gamma-ray sources around pulsars constrain the origin of the positron flux at Earth Abeysekara, A. U.; Albert, A.; Alfaro, R. Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6365 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan4880	journal	November 2017
NuSTAR broad-band X-ray observational campaign of energetic pulsar wind nebulae in synergy with VERITAS, HAWC and Fermi gamma-ray telescopes Mori, Kaya; An, Hongjun; Burgess, Daniel Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021) https://doi.org/10.22323/1.395.0963	conference	July 2021
Chandra Observes the end of an era in sn 1987a Frank, Kari A.; Zhekov, Svetozar A.; Park, Sangwook The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 829, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/829/1/40	journal	September 2016
IACHEC CROSS-CALIBRATION OF CHANDRA , NuSTAR , SWIFT , SUZAKU , XMM-NEWTON WITH 3C 273 AND PKS 2155-304 Madsen, Kristin K.; Beardmore, Andrew P.; Forster, Karl The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 153, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/2	journal	December 2016
THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE ⁴⁴ Ti IN CASSIOPEIA A Grefenstette, Brian W.; Fryer, Chris L.; Harrison, Fiona A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 834, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/19	journal	December 2016
Production and Distribution of ⁴⁴ Ti and ⁵⁶ Ni in a Three-dimensional Supernova Model Resembling Cassiopeia A Wongwathanarat, Annop; Janka, Hans-Thomas; Müller, Ewald The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 842, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa72de	journal	June 2017
Evolution of a Pulsar Wind Nebula within a Composite Supernova Remnant Kolb, Christopher; Blondin, John; Slane, Patrick The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 844, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa75ce	journal	July 2017
X-Ray Measurements of the Particle Acceleration Properties at Inward Shocks in Cassiopeia A Sato, Toshiki; Katsuda, Satoru; Morii, Mikio The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 853, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa021	journal	January 2018
Expansion and Brightness Changes in the Pulsar-wind Nebula in the Composite Supernova Remnant Kes 75 Reynolds, Stephen P.; Borkowski, Kazimierz J.; Gwynne, Peter H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab3d3	journal	April 2018
The 30 Year Search for the Compact Object in SN 1987A Alp, Dennis; Larsson, Josefin; Fransson, Claes The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 864, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad739	journal	September 2018
NuSTAR Hard X-Ray Studies of the Pulsar Wind Nebula 3C 58 An, Hongjun The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 876, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab18a6	journal	May 2019
GeV Observations of the Extended Pulsar Wind Nebulae Constrain the Pulsar Interpretations of the Cosmic-Ray Positron Excess Xi, Shao-Qiang; Liu, Ruo-Yu; Huang, Zhi-Qiu The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 878, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab20c9	journal	June 2019
Finding the Remnants of the Milky Way's Last Neutron Star Mergers Wu, Meng-Ru; Banerjee, Projjwal; Metzger, Brian D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2593	journal	July 2019
High Angular Resolution ALMA Images of Dust and Molecules in the SN 1987A Ejecta Cigan, Phil; Matsuura, Mikako; Gomez, Haley L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 886, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4b46	journal	November 2019
NuSTAR Observations of G11.2–0.3 Madsen, K. K.; Fryer, C. L.; Grefenstette, B. W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 889, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab54ca	journal	January 2020
Gamma Rays from Kilonova: A Potential Probe of r -process Nucleosynthesis Korobkin, Oleg; Hungerford, Aimee M.; Fryer, Christopher L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 889, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab64d8	journal	February 2020
Time Variability of Nonthermal X-Ray Stripes in Tycho’s Supernova Remnant with Chandra Okuno, Tomoyuki; Tanaka, Takaaki; Uchida, Hiroyuki The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 894, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab837e	journal	May 2020
Titanium and Iron in the Cassiopeia A Supernova Remnant Vance, Gregory S.; Young, Patrick A.; Fryer, Christopher L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 895, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab8ade	journal	May 2020
The Nonstandard Properties of a “Standard” PWN: Unveiling the Mysteries of PWN G21.5–0.9 Using Its IR and X-Ray Emission Hattori, Soichiro; Straal, Samayra M.; Zhang, Emily The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 904, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abba32	journal	November 2020
X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Highly Magnetized Pulsar PSR J1846-0258, Its Wind Nebula, and Hosting Supernova Remnant Kes 75 Gotthelf, E. V.; Safi-Harb, S.; Straal, S. M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 908, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abd32b	journal	February 2021
VERITAS Observations of the Galactic Center Region at Multi-TeV Gamma-Ray Energies Adams, C. B.; Benbow, W.; Brill, A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 913, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abf926	journal	June 2021
Thermal Emission and Radioactive Lines, but No Pulsar, in the Broadband X-Ray Spectrum of Supernova 1987A Alp, Dennis; Larsson, Josefin; Fransson, Claes The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 916, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac052d	journal	July 2021
Steep Cosmic-Ray Spectra with Revised Diffusive Shock Acceleration Diesing, Rebecca; Caprioli, Damiano The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 922, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac22fe	journal	November 2021
The Eel Pulsar Wind Nebula: A PeVatron-candidate Origin for HAWC J1826−128 and HESS J1826−130 Burgess, Daniel A.; Mori, Kaya; Gelfand, Joseph D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 930, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac650a	journal	May 2022
Additional Evidence for a Pulsar Wind Nebula in the Heart of SN 1987A from Multiepoch X-Ray Data and MHD Modeling Greco, Emanuele; Miceli, Marco; Orlando, Salvatore The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 931, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac679d	journal	June 2022
Gamma-Ray Diagnostics of r-process Nucleosynthesis in the Remnants of Galactic Binary Neutron-star Mergers Terada, Yukikatsu; Miwa, Yuya; Ohsumi, Hayato The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 933, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac721f	journal	July 2022
X-Ray Polarization Detection of Cassiopeia A with IXPE Vink, Jacco; Prokhorov, Dmitry; Ferrazzoli, Riccardo The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 938, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac8b7b	journal	October 2022
X-Ray Studies of the Pulsar PSR J1420–6048 and Its TeV Pulsar Wind Nebula in the Kookaburra Region Park, Jaegeun; Kim, Chanho; Woo, Jooyun The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 945, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acb1b0	journal	March 2023
A Broadband X-Ray Study of the Rabbit Pulsar Wind Nebula Powered by PSR J1418-6058 Park, Jaegeun; Kim, Chanho; Woo, Jooyun The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 945, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acba0e	journal	March 2023
Broadband X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Pulsar Wind Nebula in HESS J1640-465 Abdelmaguid, Moaz; Gelfand, Joseph D.; Gotthelf, Eric The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 946, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acbd30	journal	March 2023
Hard X-Ray Observation and Multiwavelength Study of the PeVatron Candidate Pulsar Wind Nebula “Dragonfly” Woo, Jooyun; An, Hongjun; Gelfand, Joseph D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 954, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acdd5e	journal	August 2023
The GALPROP Cosmic-ray Propagation and Nonthermal Emissions Framework: Release v57 Porter, T. A.; Jóhannesson, G.; Moskalenko, I. V. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 262, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac80f6	journal	September 2022
MeV Gamma Rays from Fission: A Distinct Signature of Actinide Production in Neutron Star Mergers Wang, Xilu; Vassh, Nicole; Sprouse, Trevor The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 903, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abbe18	journal	October 2020
Expansion and Age of the Supernova Remnant G350.1–0.3: High-velocity Iron Ejecta from a Core-collapse Event Borkowski, Kazimierz J.; Miltich, William; Reynolds, Stephen P. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 905, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abcda7	journal	December 2020
Indication of a Pulsar Wind Nebula in the Hard X-Ray Emission from SN 1987A Greco, Emanuele; Miceli, Marco; Orlando, Salvatore The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 908, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abdf5a	journal	February 2021
On the Potential of Bright, Young Pulsars to Power Ultrahigh Gamma-Ray Sources de Oña Wilhelmi, Emma; López-Coto, Rubén; Amato, Elena The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 930, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac66cf	journal	April 2022
X-ray polarization detection of Cassiopeia A with IXPE Vink, Jacco; Prokhorov, Dmitry; Ferrazzoli, Riccardo Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6597504	dataset	January 2022