SAGAbg. I. A Near-unity Mass-loading Factor in Low-mass Galaxies via Their Low-redshift Evolution in Stellar Mass, Oxygen Abundance, and Star Formation Rate

Kado-Fong, Erin; Geha, Marla; Mao, Yao-Yuan; de los Reyes, Mithi A. C.; Wechsler, Risa H.; Asali, Yasmeen; Kallivayalil, Nitya; Nadler, Ethan O.; Tollerud, Erik J.; Weiner, Benjamin

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad3042

Title: SAGAbg. I. A Near-unity Mass-loading Factor in Low-mass Galaxies via Their Low-redshift Evolution in Stellar Mass, Oxygen Abundance, and Star Formation Rate

Journal Article · 01 May 2024 · The Astrophysical Journal

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad3042 · OSTI ID:2396966

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Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics, New Haven, CT (United States); SLAC
Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States)
Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (United States)
Amherst College, MA (United States)
Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (United States)
Carnegie Observatories, Pasadena, CA (United States); Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD (United States)
Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States)

Measuring the relation between star formation and galactic winds is observationally difficult. In this work we make an indirect measurement of the mass-loading factor (the ratio between the mass outflow rate and star formation rate) in low-mass galaxies using a differential approach to modeling the low-redshift evolution of the star-forming main sequence and mass–metallicity relation. We use Satellites Around Galactic Analogs (SAGA) background galaxies, i.e., spectra observed by the SAGA Survey that are not associated with the main SAGA host galaxies, to construct a sample of 11,925 spectroscopically confirmed low-mass galaxies from 0.01 ≲ z ≤ 0.21 and measure auroral line metallicities for 120 galaxies. The crux of the method is to use the lowest-redshift galaxies as the boundary condition of our model, and to infer a mass-loading factor for the sample by comparing the expected evolution of the low-redshift reference sample in stellar mass, gas-phase metallicity, and star formation rate against the observed properties of the sample at higher redshift. We infer a mass-loading factor of η_m = $$0.92^{+1.76}_{-0.74}$$, which is in line with direct measurements of the mass-loading factor from the literature despite the drastically different sets of assumptions needed for each approach. While our estimate of the mass-loading factor is in good agreement with recent galaxy simulations that focus on resolving the dynamics of the interstellar medium, it is smaller by over an order of magnitude than the mass-loading factor produced by many contemporary cosmological simulations.

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Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities (SUF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 2396966

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 966; ISSN 0004-637X

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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The temperature and ionization structure of the emitting gas in H II galaxies: implications for the accuracy of abundance determinations Hagele, G. F.; Perez-Montero, E.; Diaz, A. I. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 372, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10856.x	journal	October 2006
Electron-impact excitation of O ii fine-structure levels Kisielius, R.; Storey, P. J.; Ferland, G. J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 397, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14989.x	journal	August 2009
Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): the input catalogue and star-galaxy separation Baldry, I. K.; Robotham, A. S. G.; Hill, D. T. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16282.x	journal	February 2010
A fundamental relation between mass, star formation rate and metallicity in local and high-redshift galaxies: The fundamental metallicity relation Mannucci, F.; Cresci, G.; Maiolino, R. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 408, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17291.x	journal	September 2010
Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): stellar mass estimates: GAMA: stellar mass estimates Taylor, Edward N.; Hopkins, Andrew M.; Baldry, Ivan K. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 418, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19536.x	journal	November 2011
An analytic model for the evolution of the stellar, gas and metal content of galaxies: An analytic model for galaxy evolution Davé, Romeel; Finlator, Kristian; Oppenheimer, Benjamin D. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20148.x	journal	December 2011
Cuspy no more: how outflows affect the central dark matter and baryon distribution in Λ cold dark matter galaxies: Galaxy cores in ΛCDM Governato, F.; Zolotov, A.; Pontzen, A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 422, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20696.x	journal	March 2012
GAMA: towards a physical understanding of galaxy formation Driver, Simon P.; Norberg, Peder; Baldry, Ivan K. Astronomy & Geophysics, Vol. 50, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4004.2009.50512.x	journal	October 2009
Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies Kennicutt, Robert C.; Evans, Neal J. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 50, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125610	journal	September 2012
Understanding Galaxy Evolution Through Emission Lines Kewley, Lisa J.; Nicholls, David C.; Sutherland, Ralph S. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 57, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051832	journal	August 2019
Nucleosynthesis in Stars and the Chemical Enrichment of Galaxies Nomoto, Ken'ichi; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Tominaga, Nozomu Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 51, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-140956	journal	August 2013
Small-Scale Challenges to the Λ CDM Paradigm Bullock, James S.; Boylan-Kolchin, Michael Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 55, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055313	journal	August 2017
The IllustrisTNG simulations: public data release Nelson, Dylan; Springel, Volker; Pillepich, Annalisa Computational Astrophysics and Cosmology, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40668-019-0028-x	journal	May 2019
Breathing Fire: how Stellar Feedback Drives Radial Migration, Rapid size Fluctuations, and Population Gradients in Low-Mass Galaxies El-Badry, Kareem; Wetzel, Andrew; Geha, Marla The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 820, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/820/2/131	journal	March 2016
Exploring Systematic Effects in the Relation Between Stellar Mass, gas Phase Metallicity, and star Formation rate Telford, O. Grace; Dalcanton, Julianne J.; Skillman, Evan D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 827, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/827/1/35	journal	August 2016
THE METAL ABUNDANCES ACROSS COSMIC TIME (${ \mathcal M }{ \mathcal A }{ \mathcal C }{ \mathcal T }$) SURVEY. II. EVOLUTION OF THE MASS–METALLICITY RELATION OVER 8 BILLION YEARS, USING [O iii] λ 4363 Å BASED METALLICITIES Ly, Chun; Malkan, Matthew A.; Rigby, Jane R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 828, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/828/2/67	journal	September 2016
The Astropy Project: Building an Open-science Project and Status of the v2.0 Core Package Price-Whelan, A. M.; Sipőcz, B. M.; Günther, H. M. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 156, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aabc4f	journal	August 2018
`astroquery` : An Astronomical Web-querying Package in Python Ginsburg, Adam; Sipőcz, Brigitta M.; Brasseur, C. E. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 157, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aafc33	journal	February 2019
Star Formation in Isolated Dwarf Galaxies Hosting Tidal Debris: Extending the Dwarf–Dwarf Merger Sequence Kado-Fong, Erin; Greene, Jenny E.; Greco, Johnny P. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 159, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab6ef3	journal	February 2020
The ALFALFA-SDSS Galaxy Catalog Durbala, Adriana; Finn, Rose A.; Odekon, Mary Crone The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 160, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abc018	journal	November 2020
Three-phase Interstellar Medium in Galaxies Resolving Evolution with Star Formation and Supernova Feedback (TIGRESS): Algorithms, Fiducial Model, and Convergence Kim, Chang-Goo; Ostriker, Eve C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 846, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa8599	journal	September 2017
The SAGA Survey. I. Satellite Galaxy Populations around Eight Milky Way Analogs Geha, Marla; Wechsler, Risa H.; Mao, Yao-Yuan The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 847, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa8626	journal	September 2017
Numerical Simulations of Multiphase Winds and Fountains from Star-forming Galactic Disks. I. Solar Neighborhood TIGRESS Model Kim, Chang-Goo; Ostriker, Eve C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 853, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa5ff	journal	February 2018
The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey: The ALFALFA Extragalactic H i Source Catalog Haynes, Martha P.; Giovanelli, Riccardo; Kent, Brian R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac956	journal	July 2018
Mass–Metallicity Relation and Fundamental Metallicity Relation of Metal-poor Star-forming Galaxies at 0.6 < Z < 0.9 from the eBOSS Survey Gao, YuLong; Bao, Min; Yuan, QiRong The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae9ef	journal	December 2018
Evolution of Star-forming Galaxies from z = 0.7 to 1.2 with eBOSS Emission-line Galaxies Guo, Hong; Yang, Xiaohu; Raichoor, Anand The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 871, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf9ad	journal	January 2019
Revisiting the Integrated Star Formation Law. I. Non-starbursting Galaxies de los Reyes, Mithi A. C.; Kennicutt, Robert C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 872, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aafa82	journal	February 2019
The Chemical Evolution of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen in Metal-poor Dwarf Galaxies Berg, Danielle A.; Erb, Dawn K.; Henry, Richard B. C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 874, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab020a	journal	March 2019
A Closer Look at Bursty Star Formation with L _{H α} and L _UV Distributions Emami, Najmeh; Siana, Brian; Weisz, Daniel R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab211a	journal	August 2019
Galactic Winds in Low-mass Galaxies McQuinn, Kristen. B. W.; van Zee, Liese; Skillman, Evan D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 886, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4c37	journal	November 2019
The Relationship between Galaxy ISM and Circumgalactic Gas Metallicities Kacprzak, Glenn G.; Pointon, Stephanie K.; Nielsen, Nikole M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 886, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4c3c	journal	November 2019
Milky Way Satellite Census. II. Galaxy–Halo Connection Constraints Including the Impact of the Large Magellanic Cloud Nadler, E. O.; Wechsler, R. H.; Bechtol, K. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 893, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab846a	journal	April 2020
First Results from SMAUG: Characterization of Multiphase Galactic Outflows from a Suite of Local Star-forming Galactic Disk Simulations Kim, Chang-Goo; Ostriker, Eve C.; Somerville, Rachel S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 900, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aba962	journal	September 2020
Tracing the Intrinsic Shapes of Dwarf Galaxies Out to Four Effective Radii: Clues to Low-mass Stellar Halo Formation Kado-Fong, Erin; Greene, Jenny E.; Huang, Song The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 900, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abacc2	journal	September 2020
First Results from SMAUG: The Need for Preventative Stellar Feedback and Improved Baryon Cycling in Semianalytic Models of Galaxy Formation Pandya, Viraj; Somerville, Rachel S.; Anglés-Alcázar, Daniel The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 905, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc3c1	journal	December 2020
The SAGA Survey. II. Building a Statistical Sample of Satellite Systems around Milky Way–like Galaxies Mao, Yao-Yuan; Geha, Marla; Wechsler, Risa H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 907, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abce58	journal	February 2021
Luminosity Functions and Host-to-host Scatter of Dwarf Satellite Systems in the Local Volume Carlsten, Scott G.; Greene, Jenny E.; Peter, Annika H. G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 908, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abd039	journal	February 2021
Spatial Decorrelation of Young Stars and Dense Gas as a Probe of the Star Formation–Feedback Cycle in Galaxies Semenov, Vadim A.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Gnedin, Nickolay Y. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 918, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0a77	journal	August 2021
The Intrinsic Shapes of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies (LSBGs): A Discriminant of LSBG Galaxy Formation Mechanisms Kado-Fong, Erin; Petrescu, Mihai; Mohammad, Majid The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 920, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac15f0	journal	October 2021
Radial Motions and Radial Gas Flows in Local Spiral Galaxies Di Teodoro, Enrico M.; Peek, J. E. G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 923, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2cbd	journal	December 2021
The In Situ Origins of Dwarf Stellar Outskirts in FIRE-2 Kado-Fong, Erin; Sanderson, Robyn E.; Greene, Jenny E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 931, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6c88	journal	June 2022
The Exploration of Local VolumE Satellites (ELVES) Survey: A Nearly Volume-limited Sample of Nearby Dwarf Satellite Systems Carlsten, Scott G.; Greene, Jenny E.; Beaton, Rachael L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 933, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6fd7	journal	July 2022
Pressure-regulated, Feedback-modulated Star Formation in Disk Galaxies Ostriker, Eve C.; Kim, Chang-Goo The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 936, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7de2	journal	September 2022
Ultra-diffuse Galaxies as Extreme Star-forming Environments. II. Star Formation and Pressure Balance in H i-rich UDGs Kado-Fong, Erin; Kim, Chang-Goo; Greene, Jenny E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 939, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9673	journal	November 2022
Regulation of Star Formation by a Hot Circumgalactic Medium Carr, Christopher; Bryan, Greg L.; Fielding, Drummond B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 949, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acc4c7	journal	May 2023
Target Selection and Sample Characterization for the DESI LOW-Z Secondary Target Program Darragh-Ford, Elise; Wu, John F.; Mao, Yao-Yuan The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 954, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace902	journal	September 2023
ELVES. IV. The Satellite Stellar-to-halo Mass Relation Beyond the Milky Way Danieli, Shany; Greene, Jenny E.; Carlsten, Scott The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 956, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acefbd	journal	September 2023
Linking the Metallicity Enrichment History to the Star Formation History: An SFH-regulated Chemical Evolution Model and Its Implications for the Gas Cycling Process Yin, Jun; Shen, Shiyin; Hao, Lei The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 958, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acfa6b	journal	November 2023
The Structure and Composition of Multiphase Galactic Winds in a Large Magellanic Cloud Mass Simulated Galaxy Steinwandel, Ulrich P.; Kim, Chang-Goo; Bryan, Greg L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 960, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad09e1	journal	January 2024
Reconciling Dwarf Galaxies with Λcdm Cosmology: Simulating a Realistic Population of Satellites Around a Milky Way–Mass Galaxy Wetzel, Andrew R.; Hopkins, Philip F.; Kim, Ji-hoon The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 827, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/827/2/L23	journal	August 2016
Off the Baryonic Tully–Fisher Relation: A Population of Baryon-dominated Ultra-diffuse Galaxies Mancera Piña, Pavel E.; Fraternali, Filippo; Adams, Elizabeth A. K. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab40c7	journal	September 2019
A Framework for Multiphase Galactic Wind Launching Using TIGRESS Kim, Chang-Goo; Ostriker, Eve C.; Fielding, Drummond B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 903, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abc252	journal	November 2020

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