TOI-2374 b and TOI-3071 b: two metal-rich sub-Saturns well within the Neptunian desert

Hacker, Alejandro; Díaz, Rodrigo F.; Armstrong, David J.; Fernández Fernández, Jorge; Müller, Simon; Delgado-Mena, Elisa; Sousa, Sérgio G.; Adibekyan, Vardan; Stassun, Keivan G.; Collins, Karen A.; Yee, Samuel W.; Bayliss, Daniel; Bieryla, Allyson; Bouchy, François; Butler, R. Paul; Crane, Jeffrey D.; Dumusque, Xavier; Hartman, Joel D.; Helled, Ravit; Jenkins, Jon; Keniger, Marcelo Aron F.; Lewis, Hannah; Lillo-Box, Jorge; Lund, Michael B.; Nielsen, Louise D.; Osborn, Ares; Osip, David; Paegert, Martin; Radford, Don J.; Santos, Nuno C.; Seager, Sara; Shectman, Stephen A.; Srdoc, Gregor; Strøm, Paul A.; Tan, Thiam-Guan; Teske, Johanna K.; Vezie, Michael; Watanabe, David; Watkins, Cristilyn N.; Wheatley, Peter J.; Winn, Joshua N.; Wohler, Bill; Ziegler, Carl

doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1420

Title: TOI-2374 b and TOI-3071 b: two metal-rich sub-Saturns well within the Neptunian desert

Journal Article · 08 June 2024 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae1420 · OSTI ID:2396395

; Díaz, Rodrigo F.;

;

; Müller, Simon; Delgado-Mena, Elisa;

; Adibekyan, Vardan;

; Collins, Karen A.; Yee, Samuel W.;

;

; Bouchy, François; Butler, R. Paul; Crane, Jeffrey D.; Dumusque, Xavier; Hartman, Joel D.; Helled, Ravit; Jenkins, Jon more »

ABSTRACT We report the discovery of two transiting planets detected by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), TOI-2374 b and TOI-3071 b, orbiting a K5V and an F8V star, respectively, with periods of 4.31 and 1.27 d, respectively. We confirm and characterize these two planets with a variety of ground-based and follow-up observations, including photometry, precise radial velocity monitoring and high-resolution imaging. The planetary and orbital parameters were derived from a joint analysis of the radial velocities and photometric data. We found that the two planets have masses of (57 ± 4) M⊕ or (0.18 ± 0.01) MJ, and (68 ± 4) M⊕ or (0.21 ± 0.01) MJ, respectively, and they have radii of (6.8 ± 0.3) R⊕ or (0.61 ± 0.03) RJ and (7.2 ± 0.5) R⊕ or (0.64 ± 0.05) RJ, respectively. These parameters correspond to sub-Saturns within the Neptunian desert, both planets being hot and highly irradiated, with Teq ≈ 745 K and Teq ≈ 1812 K, respectively, assuming a Bond albedo of 0.5. TOI-3071 b has the hottest equilibrium temperature of all known planets with masses between 10 and 300 M⊕ and radii less than 1.5 RJ. By applying gas giant evolution models we found that both planets, especially TOI-3071 b, are very metal-rich. This challenges standard formation models which generally predict lower heavy-element masses for planets with similar characteristics. We studied the evolution of the planets’ atmospheres under photoevaporation and concluded that both are stable against evaporation due to their large masses and likely high metallicities in their gaseous envelopes.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE), Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Supply Chain

OSTI ID:: 2396395

Journal Information:: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 532; ISSN 0035-8711

Publisher:: Oxford University PressCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

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A Super-Solar Metallicity for Stars with hot Rocky Exoplanets Mulders, Gijs D.; Pascucci, Ilaria; Apai, Dániel The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 152, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/187	journal	November 2016
Mesa Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (Mist). i. Solar-Scaled Models Choi, Jieun; Dotter, Aaron; Conroy, Charlie The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 823, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/823/2/102	journal	May 2016
The Mass–Metallicity Relation for Giant Planets Thorngren, Daniel P.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Murray-Clay, Ruth A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 831, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/831/1/64	journal	October 2016
Evolutionary Analysis of Gaseous Sub-Neptune-Mass Planets with mesa Chen, Howard; Rogers, Leslie A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 831, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/180	journal	November 2016
Astroimagej: Image Processing and Photometric Extraction for Ultra-Precise Astronomical Light Curves Collins, Karen A.; Kielkopf, John F.; Stassun, Keivan G. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 153, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/153/2/77	journal	January 2017
Accurate Empirical Radii and Masses of Planets and Their Host Stars with Gaia Parallaxes Stassun, Keivan G.; Collins, Karen A.; Gaudi, B. Scott The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 153, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa5df3	journal	March 2017
Empirical Accurate Masses and Radii of Single Stars with TESS and Gaia Stassun, Keivan G.; Corsaro, Enrico; Pepper, Joshua A. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 155, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa998a	journal	December 2017
The Complete Transmission Spectrum of WASP-39b with a Precise Water Constraint Wakeford, H. R.; Sing, D. K.; Deming, D. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 155, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa9e4e	journal	December 2017
The California- Kepler Survey. IV. Metal-rich Stars Host a Greater Diversity of Planets Petigura, Erik A.; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Winn, Joshua N. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 155, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aaa54c	journal	January 2018
Bayesian Analysis of Hot-Jupiter Radius Anomalies: Evidence for Ohmic Dissipation? Thorngren, Daniel P.; Fortney, Jonathan J. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 155, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aaba13	journal	April 2018
${\mathtt{s}}{\mathtt{t}}{\mathtt{a}}{\mathtt{r}}{\mathtt{r}}{\mathtt{y}}$: Analytic Occultation Light Curves Luger, Rodrigo; Agol, Eric; Foreman-Mackey, Daniel The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 157, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aae8e5	journal	January 2019
HATS-60b–HATS-69b: 10 Transiting Planets from HATSouth* Hartman, J. D.; Bakos, G. Á.; Bayliss, D. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 157, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aaf8b6	journal	January 2019
The Revised TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List Stassun, Keivan G.; Oelkers, Ryan J.; Paegert, Martin The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 158, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab3467	journal	September 2019
SOAR TESS Survey. I. Sculpting of TESS Planetary Systems by Stellar Companions Ziegler, Carl; Tokovinin, Andrei; Briceño, César The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 159, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab55e9	journal	December 2019
The Upper Edge of the Neptune Desert Is Stable Against Photoevaporation Vissapragada, Shreyas; Knutson, Heather A.; Greklek-McKeon, Michael The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 164, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac92f2	journal	November 2022
The Evaporation Valley in the Kepler Planets Owen, James E.; Wu, Yanqin The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 847, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa890a	journal	September 2017
The Origin of the Heavy-element Content Trend in Giant Planets via Core Accretion Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Bryden, Geoffrey; Ikoma, Masahiro The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 865, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad912	journal	September 2018
Theoretical versus Observational Uncertainties: Composition of Giant Exoplanets Müller, Simon; Ben-Yami, Maya; Helled, Ravit The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 903, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abba19	journal	November 2020
A New Equation of State for Dense Hydrogen–Helium Mixtures. II. Taking into Account Hydrogen–Helium Interactions Chabrier, Gilles; Debras, Florian The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 917, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abfc48	journal	August 2021
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