On the Departure from Monin–Obukhov Surface Similarity and Transition to the Convective Mixed Layer

Heisel, Michael; Chamecki, Marcelo

doi:10.1007/s10546-024-00870-0

Title: On the Departure from Monin–Obukhov Surface Similarity and Transition to the Convective Mixed Layer

Journal Article · 25 May 2024 · Boundary-Layer Meteorology

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-024-00870-0 · OSTI ID:2367206

^[1];

^[2]

Univ. of Sydney, NSW (Australia)
Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)

Large-eddy simulations are used to evaluate mean profile similarity in the convective bound ary layer (CBL). Particular care is taken regarding the grid sensitivity of the profiles and the mitigation of inertial oscillations in the simulation spin-up. The nondimensional gradients φ for wind speed and air temperature generally align with Monin–Obukhov similarity across cases but have a steeper slope than predicted within each profile. The same trend has been noted in several other recent studies. The Businger-Dyer relations are modified here with an exponential cutoff term to account for the decay in φ to first-order approximation, yielding improved similarity from approximately 0.05z_i to above 0.3z_i, where z_i is the CBL depth. The necessity for the exponential correction is attributed to an extended transition from surface scaling to zero gradient in the mixed layer, where the departure from Monin–Obukhov similarity may be negligible at the surface but becomes substantial well below the conventional surface layer height of 0.1z_i.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Data Center

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); USDOE

Contributing Organization:: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL); Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0022072

OSTI ID:: 2367206

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2382662

Journal Information:: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 190, Issue 6; ISSN 0006-8314

Publisher:: SpringerCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (90)

The Mathematical Representation of Wind Speed and Temperature Profiles in the Unstable Atmospheric Surface Layer Paulson, C. A. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 9, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1970)009<0857:TMROWS>2.0.CO;2	journal	December 1970
Analysis of Monin–Obukhov similarity from large-eddy simulation Khanna, Samir; Brasseur, James G. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 345 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112097006277	journal	August 1997
Implications of Nonlocal Transport and Conditionally Averaged Statistics on Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory and Townsend’s Attached Eddy Hypothesis Li, Qi; Gentine, Pierre; Mellado, Juan Pedro Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 75, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0301.1	journal	October 2018
Roll vortices in the planetary boundary layer: A review Etling, D.; Brown, R. A. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 65, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00705527	journal	August 1993
Direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow up to Lee, Myoungkyu; Moser, Robert D. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 774 https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.268	journal	June 2015
Buoyancy effects on large-scale motions in convective atmospheric boundary layers: implications for modulation of near-wall processes Salesky, S. T.; Anderson, W. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 856 https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.711	journal	September 2018
On the Role of Large-Scale Updrafts and Downdrafts in Deviations From Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory in Free Convection Fodor, Katherine; Mellado, Juan Pedro; Wilczek, Michael Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 172, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-019-00454-3	journal	May 2019
Connection Between Mass Flux Transport and Eddy Diffusivity in Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layers Li, Qi; Cheng, Yu; Gentine, Pierre Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 48, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL092073	journal	April 2021
Matching in the Convective Planetary Boundary Layer Panofsky, Hans A. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 35, Issue 2, p. 272-276 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<0272:MITCPB>2.0.CO;2	journal	February 1978
On the Similarity FunctionsA,BandCof the Planetary Boundary Layer Yamada, Tetsuji Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 33, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<0781:OTSFAO>2.0.CO;2	journal	May 1976
A Surface Flux Estimation Scheme Accounting for Large‐Eddy Effects for Land Surface Modeling Liu, Shaofeng; Zeng, Xubin; Dai, Yongjiu Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 49, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101754	journal	December 2022
Flux-gradient relationships in the constant flux layer Dyer, A. J.; Hicks, B. B. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 96, Issue 410 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709641012	journal	October 1970
The Effect of Mesh Resolution on Convective Boundary Layer Statistics and Structures Generated by Large-Eddy Simulation Sullivan, Peter P.; Patton, Edward G. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 68, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-10-05010.1	journal	October 2011
Mesoscale shallow convection in the atmosphere Atkinson, B. W.; Wu Zhang, J. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 34, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/96RG02623	journal	November 1996
A subgrid-scale model for large-eddy simulation of planetary boundary-layer flows Sullivan, Peter P.; McWilliams, James C.; Moeng, Chin-Hoh Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 71, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00713741	journal	November 1994
Large-eddy simulation of a diurnal cycle of the atmospheric boundary layer: Atmospheric stability and scaling issues: LES OF A DIURNAL CYCLE OF THE ABL Kumar, Vijayant; Kleissl, Jan; Meneveau, Charles Water Resources Research, Vol. 42, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004651	journal	June 2006
Analytical Reduced Models for the Non-stationary Diabatic Atmospheric Boundary Layer Momen, Mostafa; Bou-Zeid, Elie Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 164, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-017-0247-0	journal	April 2017
Improvement of the K-profile Model for the Planetary Boundary Layer based on Large Eddy Simulation Data Noh, Y.; Cheon, W. G.; Hong, S. Y. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 107, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022146015946	journal	May 2003
An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology Stull, Roland B. Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3027-8	book	January 1988
Large-Eddy Simulation of Conditionally Neutral Boundary Layers: A Mesh Resolution Sensitivity Study Berg, Jacob; Patton, Edward G.; Sullivan, Peter P. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 77, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0252.1	journal	May 2020
Flux-gradient relationships above tall plant canopies Cellier, P.; Brunet, Y. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 58, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(92)90113-I	journal	March 1992
Bulk Transfer Relations for the Roughness Sublayer De Ridder, Koen Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 134, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-009-9450-y	journal	December 2009
A comparison of single column model simulations of summertime midlatitude continental convection Ghan, Steven; Randall, David; Xu, Kuan-Man Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 105, Issue D2 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900971	journal	January 2000
Roughness sublayer over vegetation canopy: A wind tunnel study Mo, Ziwei; Liu, Chun-Ho; Chow, Hei-Lim Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 316 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108880	journal	April 2022
On the Nature of the Transition Between Roll and Cellular Organization in the Convective Boundary Layer Salesky, Scott T.; Chamecki, Marcelo; Bou-Zeid, Elie Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 163, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-016-0220-3	journal	November 2016
Comments on wind and temperature flux-profile relationships Yaglom, A. M. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00221826	journal	January 1977
Coherent Structures Modulate Atmospheric Surface Layer Flux-Gradient Relationships Salesky, S. T.; Anderson, W. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 125, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.124501	journal	September 2020
Large-Eddy Simulation of the Convective Boundary Layer: A Comparison of Four Computer Codes Nieuwstadt, F. T. M.; Mason, P. J.; Moeng, C-H. Turbulent Shear Flows 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77674-8_24	book	January 1993
On the Formulation and Universality of Monin–Obukhov Similarity Functions for Mean Gradients and Standard Deviations in the Unstable Surface Layer: Results from Surface-Layer-Resolving Large-Eddy Simulations Maronga, Björn; Reuder, Joachim Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 74, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0186.1	journal	April 2017
Large Eddy Simulations: How to evaluate resolution Davidson, Lars International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 30, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2009.06.006	journal	October 2009
Diurnal Wind Cycles Forcing Inertial Oscillations: A Latitude-Dependent Resonance Phenomenon Shibuya, Ryosuke; Sato, Kaoru; Nakanishi, Mikio Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 71, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0124.1	journal	January 2014
One-point statistics for turbulent wall-bounded flows at Reynolds numbers up to δ ⁺ ≈ 2000 Sillero, Juan A.; Jiménez, Javier; Moser, Robert D. Physics of Fluids, Vol. 25, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4823831	journal	October 2013
Turbulent Flows Pope, Stephen B. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840531	book	July 2012
Convective boundary layer wind dynamics and inertial oscillations: the influence of surface stress Schröter, Joel S.; Moene, Arnold F.; Holtslag, Albert A. M. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 139, Issue 676 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2069	journal	December 2012
Suggested Revisions to Certain Boundary Layer Parameterization Schemes Used in Atmospheric Circulation Models Arya, S. P. S. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 105, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<0215:SRTCBL>2.0.CO;2	journal	February 1977
On the extension of the wind profile over homogeneous terrain beyond the surface boundary layer Gryning, Sven-Erik; Batchvarova, Ekaterina; Brümmer, Burghard Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 124, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9166-9	journal	March 2007
Mean Velocity Profile in a Sheared and Thermally Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layer Katul, Gabriel G.; Konings, Alexandra G.; Porporato, Amilcare Physical Review Letters, Vol. 107, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.268502	journal	December 2011
A review of flux-profile relationships Dyer, A. J. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00240838	journal	November 1974
Velocity-defect laws, log law and logarithmic friction law in the convective atmospheric boundary layer Tong, Chenning; Ding, Mengjie Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 883 https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.898	journal	November 2019
Evidence of Mixed Scaling for Mean Profile Similarity in the Stable Atmospheric Surface Layer Heisel, Michael; Chamecki, Marcelo Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 80, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-22-0260.1	journal	August 2023
Wall-modeling in large eddy simulation: Length scales, grid resolution, and accuracy Kawai, Soshi; Larsson, Johan Physics of Fluids, Vol. 24, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3678331	journal	January 2012
Further Improvement of Surface Flux Estimation in the Unstable Surface Layer Based on Large‐Eddy Simulation Data Liu, S.; Zeng, X.; Dai, Y. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 124, Issue 17-18 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD030222	journal	September 2019
Random Errors in Turbulence Measurements in the Atmospheric Surface Layer: Implications for Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory Salesky, Scott T.; Chamecki, Marcelo Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 69, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-096.1	journal	December 2012
Free Convection in the Turbulent Ekman Layer of the Atmosphere Tennekes, H. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 27, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1970)027<1027:FCITTE>2.0.CO;2	journal	October 1970
On the Influence of Large-Scale Atmospheric Motions on Near-Surface Turbulence: Comparison Between Flows Over Low-Roughness and Tall Vegetation Canopies Dupont, Sylvain; Patton, Edward G. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 184, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-022-00710-z	journal	June 2022
Winds in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer-Prediction and Observation Garratt, J. R.; Wyngaard, J. C.; Francey, R. J. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 39, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<1307:WITABL>2.0.CO;2	journal	June 1982
Critical Test of the Validity of Monin–Obukhov Similarity during Convective Conditions Johansson, Cecilia; Smedman, Ann-Sofi; Högström, Ulf Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 58, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1549:CTOTVO>2.0.CO;2	journal	June 2001
Surface influence upon vertical profiles in the atmospheric near-surface layer Garratt, J. R. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 106, Issue 450 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710645011	journal	October 1980
50 Years of the Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory Foken, Thomas Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 119, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9048-6	journal	June 2006
A Comparison of Shear- and Buoyancy-Driven Planetary Boundary Layer Flows Moeng, Chin-Hoh; Sullivan, Peter P. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 51, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<0999:ACOSAB>2.0.CO;2	journal	April 1994
The Mean Wind and Potential Temperature Flux Profiles in Convective Boundary Layers Liu, Luoqin; Gadde, Srinidhi N.; Stevens, Richard J. A. M. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 80, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-22-0159.1	journal	August 2023
Geostrophic drag law for conventionally neutral atmospheric boundary layers revisited Liu, Luoqin; Gadde, Srinidhi N.; Stevens, Richard J. A. M. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 147, Issue 735 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3949	journal	December 2020
Mixed convection in turbulent channels with unstable stratification Pirozzoli, Sergio; Bernardini, Matteo; Verzicco, Roberto Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 821 https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.216	journal	May 2017
Profiles of Wind and Temperature from Towers over Homogeneous Terrain Carl, Douglas M.; Tarbell, Terry C.; Panofsky, Hans A. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 30, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1973)030<0788:POWATF>2.0.CO;2	journal	July 1973
On Rossby-Number Similarity Theory for a Baroclinic Planetary Boundary Layer Hess, G. D. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 30, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1973)030<1722:ORNSTF>2.0.CO;2	journal	November 1973
Asymptotic Similarity in Neutral Barotropic Planetary Boundary Layers Blackadar, A. K.; Tennekes, H. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 25, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<1015:ASINBP>2.0.CO;2	journal	November 1968
Surface length scales and shear stress: Implications for land-atmosphere interaction over complex terrain Albertson, John D.; Parlange, Marc B. Water Resources Research, Vol. 35, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900094	journal	July 1999
Mean fields and fluctuation moments in unstably stratified turbulent boundary layers Kader, B. A.; Yaglom, A. M. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 212, Issue -1 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112090002129	journal	March 1990
Scaling properties of velocity and temperature spectra above the surface friction layer in a convective atmospheric boundary layer McNaughton, K. G.; Clement, R. J.; Moncrieff, J. B. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-14-257-2007	journal	January 2007
An Empirical Scaling Analysis of Heat and Momentum Cospectra Above the Surface Friction Layer in a Convective Boundary Layer Chowdhuri, Subharthi; McNaughton, Keith G.; Prabha, Thara V. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 170, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-018-0397-8	journal	November 2018
On the Structure and Adjustment of Inversion-Capped Neutral Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Flows: Large-Eddy Simulation Study Pedersen, Jesper G.; Gryning, Sven-Erik; Kelly, Mark Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 153, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-014-9937-z	journal	June 2014
Heat/mass transfer in the slightly unstable atmospheric surface layer Smedman, Ann-Sofi; Högström, Ulf; Hunt, J. C. R. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 133, Issue 622 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.7	journal	January 2007
On the logarithmic region in wall turbulence Marusic, Ivan; Monty, Jason P.; Hultmark, Marcus Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 716 https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.511	journal	January 2013
Subgrid-scale modelling for the large-eddy simulation of high-Reynolds-number boundary layers KosoviĆ, Branko Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 336 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112096004697	journal	April 1997
Logarithmic profile of temperature in sheared and unstably stratified atmospheric boundary layers Cheng, Yu; Li, Qi; Li, Dan Physical Review Fluids, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.034606	journal	March 2021
Determination of stress from wind and temperature measurements Panofsky, H. A. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 89, Issue 379 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49708937906	journal	January 1963
Similarity Equations for Wind and Temperature Profiles in the Radix Layer, at the Bottom of the Convective Boundary Layer Santoso, Edi; Stull, Roland Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 58, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1446:SEFWAT>2.0.CO;2	journal	June 2001
Flux-Profile Relationships in the Atmospheric Surface Layer Businger, J. A.; Wyngaard, J. C.; Izumi, Y. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 28, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2	journal	March 1971
Three-Dimensional Buoyancy- and Shear-Induced Local Structure of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Khanna, Samir; Brasseur, James G. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 55, Issue 5, p. 710-743 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<0710:TDBASI>2.0.CO;2	journal	March 1998
Designing large-eddy simulation of the turbulent boundary layer to capture law-of-the-wall scaling Brasseur, James G. Physics of Fluids, Vol. 22, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3319073	journal	February 2010
Generalizing Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory (1954) for Complex Atmospheric Turbulence Stiperski, Ivana; Calaf, Marc Physical Review Letters, Vol. 130, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.124001	journal	March 2023
Wind and Temperature Profiles in the Radix Layer: The Bottom Fifth of the Convective Boundary Layer Santoso, Edi; Stull, Roland Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 37, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1998)037<0545:WATPIT>2.0.CO;2	journal	June 1998
A Large-Eddy-Simulation Model for the Study of Planetary Boundary-Layer Turbulence Moeng, Chin-Hoh Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 41, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2052:ALESMF>2.0.CO;2	journal	July 1984
Numerical Investigation of Neutral and Unstable Planetary Boundary Layers Deardorff, J. W. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 29, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<0091:NIONAU>2.0.CO;2	journal	January 1972
Large eddy simulation with modeled wall-stress: recent progress and future directions Larsson, Johan; Kawai, Soshi; Bodart, Julien Mechanical Engineering Reviews, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1299/mer.15-00418	journal	January 2016
Grid-Resolution Requirements for Large-Eddy Simulations of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Wurps, Hauke; Steinfeld, Gerald; Heinz, Stefan Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 175, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00504-1	journal	March 2020
Flux-profile relationships over a boreal forest — roughness sublayer corrections Mölder, Meelis; Grelle, Achim; Lindroth, Anders Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 98-99 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00131-8	journal	December 1999
Numerical model of a non-steady atmospheric planetary boundary layer, based on similarity theory Zilitinkevich, S. S.; Fedorovich, E. E.; Shabalova, M. V. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 59, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02215460	journal	June 1992
Convective Velocity and Temperature Scales for the Unstable Planetary Boundary Layer and for Rayleigh Convection Deardorff, James W. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 27, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1970)027<1211:CVATSF>2.0.CO;2	journal	November 1970
Non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles in the atmospheric surface layer: A re-evaluation Högström, Ulf Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 42, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119875	journal	January 1988
Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows: Their Structure and Measurement Kaimal, J. C.; Finnigan, J. J. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062397.001.0001	book	March 1994
The Atmospheric Boundary Layer Monin, A. S. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.02.010170.001301	journal	January 1970
Large eddies modulating flux convergence and divergence in a disturbed unstable atmospheric surface layer: LARGE EDDIES MODULATING FLUX Gao, Zhongming; Liu, Heping; Russell, Eric S. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 121, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024529	journal	February 2016
Local Free Convection, Similarity, and the Budgets of Shear Stress and Heat Flux Wyngaard, J. C.; Coté, O. R.; Izumi, Y. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 28, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<1171:LFCSAT>2.0.CO;2	journal	October 1971
A scale-dependent Lagrangian dynamic model for large eddy simulation of complex turbulent flows Bou-Zeid, Elie; Meneveau, Charles; Parlange, Marc Physics of Fluids, Vol. 17, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1839152	journal	February 2005
Incorporation of a high-roughness lower boundary into a mesoscale model for studies of dry deposition over complex terrain Physick, W. L.; Garratt, J. R. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 74, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00715710	journal	April 1995
A simple unified theory for flow in the canopy and roughness sublayer Harman, Ian N.; Finnigan, John J. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 123, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9145-6	journal	March 2007
Modulation of Turbulence Energy by Longitudinal Rolls in an Unstable Planetary Boundary Layer Lemone, Margaret A. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 33, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<1308:MOTEBL>2.0.CO;2	journal	July 1976
Stochastic backscatter in large-eddy simulations of boundary layers Mason, P. J.; Thomson, D. J. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 242 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112092002271	journal	September 1992
Flow statistics from large-eddy simulations of convective atmospheric boundary layers Heisel, Michael; Chamecki, Marcelo Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10414843	dataset	January 2024