Characterizing PM2.5 Emissions and Temporal Evolution of Organic Composition from Incense Burning in a California Residence

Ofodile, Jennifer; Alves, Michael R.; Liang, Yutong; Franklin, Emily B.; Lunderberg, David M.; Ivey, Cesunica E.; Singer, Brett C.; Nazaroff, William W.; Goldstein, Allen H.

doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c08904

Title: Characterizing PM_2.5 Emissions and Temporal Evolution of Organic Composition from Incense Burning in a California Residence

Journal Article · 04 March 2024 · Environmental Science and Technology

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c08904 · OSTI ID:2352678

^[1];

^[1]; Franklin, Emily B. ^[1]; Lunderberg, David M. ^[1]; Ivey, Cesunica E. ^[1]; Singer, Brett C. ^[2];

^[1];

^[1]

Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

The chemical composition of incense-generated organic aerosol in residential indoor air has received limited attention in Western literature. In this study, we conducted incense burning experiments in a single-family California residence during vacancy. Here, we report the chemical composition of organic fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), associated emission factors (EFs), and gas-particle phase partitioning for indoor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Speciated organic PM_2.5 measurements were made using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-HR-ToF-MS) and semivolatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography (SV-TAG). Organic PM_2.5 EFs ranged from 7 to 31 mg g^–1 for burned incense and were largely comprised of polar and oxygenated species, with high abundance of biomass-burning tracers such as levoglucosan. Differences in PM_2.5 EFs and chemical profiles were observed in relation to the type of incense burned. Nine indoor SVOCs considered to originate from sources other than incense combustion were enhanced during incense events. Time-resolved concentrations of these SVOCs correlated well with PM_2.5 mass (R² > 0.75), suggesting that low-volatility SVOCs such as bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and butyl benzyl phthalate partitioned to incense-generated PM_2.5. Both direct emissions and enhanced partitioning of low-volatility indoor SVOCs to incense-generated PM_2.5 can influence inhalation exposures during and after indoor incense use.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC); National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 2352678

Journal Information:: Environmental Science and Technology, Journal Name: Environmental Science and Technology Journal Issue: 11 Vol. 58; ISSN 0013-936X

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (69)

Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment Salthammer, Tunga; Zhang, Yinping; Mo, Jinhan Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 57, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201711023	journal	August 2018
Characterisation of airborne particles and associated organic components produced from incense burning Chuang, Hsiao-Chi; Jones, Tim; Chen, Yang Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 401, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5209-7	journal	July 2011
Measurements of VOC/SVOC emission factors from burning incenses in an environmental test chamber: influence of temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange rate Manoukian, A.; Buiron, D.; Temime-Roussel, B. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 23, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5819-2	journal	November 2015
Generation rates and emission factors of particulate matter and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of incense sticks Lung, Shih-Chun Candice; Hu, Shu-Chuan Chemosphere, Vol. 50, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00613-6	journal	February 2003
Characterization of emissions from burning incense Jetter, James J.; Guo, Zhishi; McBrian, Jenia A. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 295, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00043-8	journal	August 2002
Physical characterization of incense aerosols Mannix, Richard C.; Nguyen, Khanh P.; Tan, Eric W. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 193, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(96)05343-0	journal	December 1996
Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Murray, Christopher J. L.; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Zheng, Peng The Lancet, Vol. 396, Issue 10258 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2	journal	October 2020
Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total suspended particulate in indoor and outdoor atmosphere of a Taiwanese temple Lin, Ta-Chang; Chang, Feng-Hsiang; Hsieh, Jue-Hsien Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 95, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00146-2	journal	November 2002
Identification and emission factors of molecular tracers in organic aerosols from biomass burning Part 1. Temperate climate conifers Oros, Daniel R.; Simoneit, Bernd R. T. Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 16, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00021-X	journal	October 2001
Development of analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne particulates: A review Liu, Li-bin; Liu, Yan; Lin, Jin-ming Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(07)60001-1	journal	January 2007
Indoor characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere of Taipei Li, Chih-Shan; Ro, Yu-Sun Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 34, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00171-5	journal	January 2000
Determination of PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from incense burning emission at shrine for health risk assessment Bootdee, Susira; Chantara, Somporn; Prapamontol, Tippawan Atmospheric Pollution Research, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.03.002	journal	July 2016
Characteristics of emissions of air pollutants from burning of incense in a large environmental chamber Lee, Shun-Cheng; Wang, Bei Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.002	journal	March 2004
Chemical composition of fine particles from incense burning in a large environmental chamber Wang, B.; Lee, S. C.; Ho, K. F. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 40, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.041	journal	December 2006
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography – time-of-flight mass spectrometry and simultaneous electron capture detection/nitrogen phosphorous detection for incense analysis Tran, Tin C.; Marriott, Philip J. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 42, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.06.028	journal	October 2008
Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor and outdoor air Rudel, Ruthann A.; Perovich, Laura J. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 43, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.025	journal	January 2009
Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor environments Weschler, Charles J.; Nazaroff, William W. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 42, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.052	journal	December 2008
SVOC partitioning between the gas phase and settled dust indoors Weschler, Charles J.; Nazaroff, William W. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 44, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.029	journal	September 2010
Anhydrosugar and sugar alcohol organic markers associated with carboxylic acids in particulate matter from incense burning Tsai, Ying I.; Wu, Pei-Ling; Hsu, Yu-Ting Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 44, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.030	journal	September 2010
Role of aerosols in enhancing SVOC flux between air and indoor surfaces and its influence on exposure Liu, Cong; Morrison, Glenn C.; Zhang, Yinping Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 55 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.030	journal	August 2012
Emissions and indoor concentrations of particulate matter and its specific chemical components from cooking: A review Abdullahi, Karimatu L.; Delgado-Saborit, Juana Maria; Harrison, Roy M. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 71 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.061	journal	June 2013
Impact of smoking and candle burning on air concentrations of PCB in a PCB contaminated indoor environment Andersen, Helle Vibeke; Bramming Jørgensen, Rikke; Gunnarsen, Lars Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 309 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119922	journal	September 2023
Inhalation intake fraction of pollutants from episodic indoor emissions Nazaroff, William W. Building and Environment, Vol. 43, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.03.021	journal	March 2008
Characterization of fine particle emissions from incense burning See, S. W.; Balasubramanian, R. Building and Environment, Vol. 46, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.11.006	journal	May 2011
Emission identification and health risk potential of allergy-causing fragrant substances in PM 2.5 from incense burning Kuo, Su-Ching; Tsai, Ying I.; Sopajaree, Khajornsak Building and Environment, Vol. 87 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.01.012	journal	May 2015
Particle size distribution and PAH concentrations of incense smoke in a combustion chamber Yang, Chi-Ru; Lin, Ta-Chang; Chang, Feng-Hsiang Environmental Pollution, Vol. 145, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.10.036	journal	January 2007
The formation of incense smoke Chang, Yu-Chen; Lee, Hsiu-Wei; Tseng, Huan-Hsiung Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 38, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2006.09.003	journal	January 2007
Chemical composition and mass emission factors of candle smoke particles Pagels, Joakim; Wierzbicka, Aneta; Nilsson, Erik Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 40, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.005	journal	March 2009
Characteristics of emissions of air pollutants from burning of incense in temples, Hong Kong Wang, B.; Lee, S.; Ho, K. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 377, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.099	journal	May 2007
Hazard assessment of United Arab Emirates (UAE) incense smoke Cohen, Rebecca; Sexton, Kenneth G.; Yeatts, Karin B. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 458-460 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.101	journal	August 2013
Particulate organic emissions from incense-burning smoke: Chemical compositions and emission characteristics Song, Kai; Tang, Rongzhi; Li, Ang Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 897 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165319	journal	November 2023
Surface Emissions Modulate Indoor SVOC Concentrations through Volatility-Dependent Partitioning Lunderberg, David M.; Kristensen, Kasper; Tian, Yilin Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 54, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00966	journal	May 2020
How Do Indoor Environments Affect Air Pollution Exposure? Goldstein, Allen H.; Nazaroff, William W.; Weschler, Charles J. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 55, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05727	journal	December 2020
Gas–Particle Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Compounds in a Residence: Influence of Particles from Candles, Cooking, and Outdoors Kristensen, Kasper; Lunderberg, David M.; Liu, Yingjun Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 57, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c07172	journal	February 2023
Characterizing Airborne Phthalate Concentrations and Dynamics in a Normally Occupied Residence Lunderberg, David M.; Kristensen, Kasper; Liu, Yingjun Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 53, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02123	journal	June 2019
Speciation of Gas-Phase and Fine Particle Emissions from Burning of Foliar Fuels Hays, Michael D.; Geron, Christopher D.; Linna, Kara J. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 36, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/es0111683	journal	June 2002
Predicting Emissions of SVOCs from Polymeric Materials and Their Interaction with Airborne Particles Xu, Ying; Little, John C. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 40, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/es051517j	journal	January 2006
Emissions of Levoglucosan, Methoxy Phenols, and Organic Acids from Prescribed Burns, Laboratory Combustion of Wildland Fuels, and Residential Wood Combustion Mazzoleni, Lynn R.; Zielinska, Barbara; Moosmüller, Hans Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 41, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/es061702c	journal	April 2007
Characterizing Gas-Particle Interactions of Phthalate Plasticizer Emitted from Vinyl Flooring Benning, Jennifer L.; Liu, Zhe; Tiwari, Andrea Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 47, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/es304725b	journal	February 2013
O/C and OM/OC Ratios of Primary, Secondary, and Ambient Organic Aerosols with High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometry Aiken, Allison C.; DeCarlo, Peter F.; Kroll, Jesse H. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 42, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/es703009q	journal	June 2008
Contribution of incense burning to indoor PM₁₀ and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under two ventilation conditions Lung, S. -C. C.; Kao, M. -C.; Hu, S. -C. Indoor Air, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0668.2003.00197.x	journal	May 2003
Indoor incense burning impacts cognitive functions and brain functional connectivity in community older adults Wong, Adrian; Lou, Wutao; Ho, Kin-fai Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63568-6	journal	April 2020
The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants Klepeis, Neil E.; Nelson, William C.; Ott, Wayne R. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500165	journal	July 2001
The atmospheric chemistry of indoor environments Abbatt, Jonathan P. D.; Wang, Chen Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, Vol. 22, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EM00386J	journal	January 2020
Monoterpenes are the largest source of summertime organic aerosol in the southeastern United States Zhang, Haofei; Yee, Lindsay D.; Lee, Ben H. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717513115	journal	February 2018
Characterization of Organic Particles from Incense Burning Using an Aerodyne High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Li, Yong Jie; Yeung, Joe W. T.; Leung, Tiga P. I. Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 46, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2011.653017	journal	June 2012
Development of an In Situ Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography Instrument for Quantifying Atmospheric Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds Zhao, Yunliang; Kreisberg, Nathan M.; Worton, David R. Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 47, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2012.747673	journal	December 2012
Incense Smoke: Characterization and Dynamics in Indoor Environments Cheng, Y. S.; Bechtold, W. E.; Yu, C. C. Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 23, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829508965312	journal	January 1995
Correlation between Calcium Carbonate Content and Emission Characteristics of Incense Yang, Chi-Ru; Lin, Ta-Chang; Chang, Feng-Hsiang Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 56, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2006.10464577	journal	December 2006
Quantifying fine particle emission events from time-resolved measurements: Method description and application to 18 California low-income apartments Chan, W. R.; Logue, J. M.; Wu, X. Indoor Air, Vol. 28, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12425	journal	October 2017
Sources and dynamics of semivolatile organic compounds in a single‐family residence in northern California Kristensen, Kasper; Lunderberg, David M.; Liu, Yingjun Indoor Air https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12561	journal	May 2019
Analysis of indoor particles and gases and their evolution with natural ventilation Fortenberry, Claire; Walker, Michael; Dang, Audrey Indoor Air, Vol. 29, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12584	journal	July 2019
Temporal variability of indoor dust concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds Kim, Kyunghoon; Shin, Hyeong‐Moo; Wong, Luann Indoor Air, Vol. 31, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12759	journal	October 2020
Comparisons among VOCs Measured in Three Types of U.S. Commercial Buildings with Different Occupant Densities Shields, Helen C.; Fleischer, Daniel M.; Weschler, Charles J. Indoor Air, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1996.t01-3-00002.x	journal	March 1996
Characterization of particles emitted by incense burning in an experimental house Ji, X.; Le Bihan, O.; Ramalho, O. Indoor Air, Vol. 20, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00634.x	journal	April 2010
Thirdhand smoke uptake to aerosol particles in the indoor environment DeCarlo, Peter F.; Avery, Anita M.; Waring, Michael S. Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aap8368	journal	May 2018
Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world Sigsgaard, Torben; Forsberg, Bertil; Annesi-Maesano, Isabella European Respiratory Journal, Vol. 46, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01865-2014	journal	September 2015
Incense smoke: clinical, structural and molecular effects on airway disease Lin, Ta-Chang; Krishnaswamy, Guha; Chi, David S. Clinical and Molecular Allergy, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-7961-6-3	journal	April 2008
Household air pollution and its effects on health Apte, Komalkirti; Salvi, Sundeep F1000Research, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7552.1	journal	October 2016
Predictors of personal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures among pregnant minority women in New York City. Tonne, Cathryn C.; Whyatt, Robin M.; Camann, David E. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 112, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.5955	journal	May 2004
Health and Environmental Risks of Incense Smoke: Mechanistic Insights and Cumulative Evidence Yadav, Virendra Kumar; Malik, Parth; Tirth, Vineet Journal of Inflammation Research, Vol. Volume 15 https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S347489	journal	April 2022
Indoor Air Quality in Buildings: A Comprehensive Review on the Factors Influencing Air Pollution in Residential and Commercial Structure Mannan, Mehzabeen; Al-Ghamdi, Sami G. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 18, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063276	journal	March 2021
Gas Phase Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds Arising from the Application of Sunscreens Yeoman, Amber M.; Shaw, Marvin; Ward, Martyn International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 20, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20115944	journal	May 2023
Elemental ratio measurements of organic compounds using aerosol mass spectrometry: characterization, improved calibration, and implications Canagaratna, M. R.; Jimenez, J. L.; Kroll, J. H. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-253-2015	journal	January 2015
Speciated and total emission factors of particulate organics from burning western US wildland fuels and their dependence on combustion efficiency Jen, Coty N.; Hatch, Lindsay E.; Selimovic, Vanessa Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1013-2019	journal	January 2019
Chemical composition of PM_2.5 in October 2017 Northern California wildfire plumes Liang, Yutong; Jen, Coty N.; Weber, Robert J. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5719-2021	journal	January 2021
Emissions of organic compounds from western US wildfires and their near-fire transformations Liang, Yutong; Stamatis, Christos; Fortner, Edward C. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 22, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9877-2022	journal	August 2022
Ch3MS-RF: a random forest model for chemical characterization and improved quantification of unidentified atmospheric organics detected by chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques Franklin, Emily B.; Yee, Lindsay D.; Aumont, Bernard Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 15, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3779-2022	journal	June 2022
Online derivatization for hourly measurements of gas- and particle-phase semi-volatile oxygenated organic compounds by thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography (SV-TAG) Isaacman, G.; Kreisberg, N. M.; Yee, L. D. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 7, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4417-2014	journal	January 2014

Similar Records

Measurements of I/SVOCs in biomass-burning smoke using solid-phase extraction disks and two-dimensional gas chromatography

Journal Article · 2018 · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online) · OSTI ID:1497068

Hatch, Lindsay E.; Rivas-Ubach, Albert; Jen, Coty N.; +3 more

Chemical changes in thirdhand smoke associated with remediation using an ozone generator

Journal Article · 2020 · Environmental Research · OSTI ID:1842297

Tang, Xiaochen; González, Noelia Ramírez; Russell, Marion L.; +3 more

Sources and dynamics of semivolatile organic compounds in a single-family residence in northern California

Journal Article · 2019 · Indoor Air · OSTI ID:1604688

Kristensen, Kasper; Lunderberg, David M.; Liu, Yingjun; +5 more

Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
GC×GC
PM2.5
SVOCs
chemical speciation
incense burning
indoor air
organics

Title: Characterizing PM2.5 Emissions and Temporal Evolution of Organic Composition from Incense Burning in a California Residence

Citation Formats

References (69)

Similar Records

Related Subjects

Title: Characterizing PM_2.5 Emissions and Temporal Evolution of Organic Composition from Incense Burning in a California Residence