A framework for studying the effects of offshore wind energy development on birds and bats in the Eastern United States

Williams, Kathryn A.; Gulka, Julia; Cook, Aonghais S. C. P.; Diehl, Robert H.; Farnsworth, Andrew; Goyert, Holly; Hein, Cris; Loring, Pamela; Mizrahi, David; Petersen, Ib Krag; Peterson, Trevor; Press, Kate McClellan; Stenhouse, Iain J.

doi:10.3389/fmars.2024.1274052

Title: A framework for studying the effects of offshore wind energy development on birds and bats in the Eastern United States

Journal Article · 03 May 2024 · Frontiers in Marine Science

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1274052 · OSTI ID:2350793

Williams, Kathryn A. ^[1]; Gulka, Julia ^[1]; Cook, Aonghais S. C. P. ^[2]; Diehl, Robert H. ^[3]; Farnsworth, Andrew ^[4]; Goyert, Holly ^[1];

^[5]; Loring, Pamela ^[6]; Mizrahi, David ^[7]; Petersen, Ib Krag ^[8]; Peterson, Trevor ^[9]; Press, Kate McClellan ^[10]; Stenhouse, Iain J. ^[1]

Biodiversity Research Institute, Portland, ME (United States)
British Trust for Ornithology (BTO), Thetford (United Kingdom)
US Geological Survey, Bozeman, MT (United States). Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States). Lab. of Ornithology
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). National Wind Technology Center
US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Charlestown, RI (United States)
New Jersey Audobon, Cape May Court House, NJ (United States). Cape May Bird Observatory - Center for Research and Education
Aarhus Univ. (Denmark)
Stantec Consulting Services Inc., Topham, ME (United States)
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), Albany, NY (United States)

Offshore wind energy development (OWED), while a key strategy for reducing carbon emissions, has potential negative effects to wildlife that should be examined to inform decision making and adaptive management as the industry expands. We present a conceptual framework to guide the long-term study of potential effects to birds and bats from OWED. This framework includes a focus on exposure and vulnerability as key determinants of risk. For birds and bats that are exposed to OWED, there are three main effects of interest that may impact survival and productivity: 1) collision mortality, 2) behavioral responses, including avoidance, displacement, and attraction, and 3) habitat-mediated effects to prey populations. If these OWED effects cause changes in survival and/or breeding success (e.g., fitness), they have the potential for population-level consequences, including changes in population size and structure. Understanding the influence of ecological drivers on exposure and effect parameters can help to disentangle the potential impacts of OWED from other stressors. We use this theoretical framework to summarize existing relevant knowledge and identify current priority research questions (n=22) for the eastern United States, where largescale development of OWED is primarily in the planning and early construction phase. We also identify recommendations for study design and further prioritization of research topics.

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Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Wind Energy Technologies Office; National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308; 1927743

OSTI ID:: 2350793

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5000-85688; MainId:86461; UUID:eaf103ff-5840-4fdf-9f0d-498dd9b60fe4; MainAdminId:69980

Journal Information:: Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 11; ISSN 2296-7745

Publisher:: Frontiers Research FoundationCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
17 WIND ENERGY
bat
bird
collision
displacement
framework
offshore wind energy
research priorities

Title: A framework for studying the effects of offshore wind energy development on birds and bats in the Eastern United States

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