Shifting groundwater fluxes in bedrock fractures: Evidence from stream water radon and water isotopes

Johnson, Keira; Christensen, John; Gardner, William Payton; Sprenger, Matthias; Li, Li; Williams, Kenneth Hurst; Carroll, Rosemary W. H.; Thiros, Nicholas; Brown, Wendy; Beutler, Curtis; Newman, Alexander; Sullivan, Pamela L.

doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131202

Title: Shifting groundwater fluxes in bedrock fractures: Evidence from stream water radon and water isotopes

Journal Article · 09 April 2024 · Journal of Hydrology

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131202 · OSTI ID:2340109

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Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Univ. of Montana, Missoula, MT (United States)
Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Rocky Mountain Biological Lab., Crested Butte, CO (United States)
Desert Research Institute (DRI), Reno, NV (United States)
Rocky Mountain Biological Lab., Crested Butte, CO (United States)

Geologic features (e.g., fractures and alluvial fans) can play an important role in the locations and volumes of groundwater discharge and degree of groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) interactions. However, the role of these features in controlling GW-SW dynamics and streamflow generation processes are not well constrained. GW-SW interactions and streamflow generation processes are further complicated by variability in precipitation inputs from summer and fall monsoon rains, as well as declines in snowpack and changing melt dynamics driven by warming temperatures. Using high spatial and temporal resolution radon and water stable isotope sampling and a 1D groundwater flux model, we evaluated how groundwater contributions and GW-SW interactions varied along a stream reach impacted by fractures (fractured-zone) and below the fractured hillslope (non-fractured zone) in Coal Creek, a Colorado River headwater stream affected by summer monsoons. During early summer, groundwater contributions from the fractured zone dominated, but declined throughout the summer. Groundwater contributions from the non-fractured zone were constant throughout the summer and became proportionally more important later in the summer. We hypothesize that groundwater in the non-fractured zone is dominantly sourced from a high-storage alluvial fan at the base of a tributary that is connected to Coal Creek throughout the summer and provides consistent groundwater influx. Water isotope data revealed that Coal Creek responds quickly to incoming precipitation early in the summer, and summer precipitation becomes more important for streamflow generation later in the summer. We quantified the change in catchment dynamic storage and found it negatively related to stream water isotope values, and positively related to modeled groundwater discharge and the ratio of fractured zone to non-fractured zone groundwater. Importantly, we interpret these relationships as declining hydrologic connectivity throughout the summer leading to late summer streamflow supported predominantly by shallow flow paths, with variable response to drying from geologic features based on their storage. As groundwater becomes more important for sustaining summer flows, quantifying local geologic controls on groundwater inputs and their response to variable moisture conditions may become critical for accurate predictions of streamflow.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 2340109

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2341341

Journal Information:: Journal of Hydrology, Journal Name: Journal of Hydrology Vol. 635; ISSN 0022-1694

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Title: Shifting groundwater fluxes in bedrock fractures: Evidence from stream water radon and water isotopes

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