DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: In Situ Structural Observation of a Substrate- and Peroxide-Bound High-Spin Ferric-Hydroperoxo Intermediate in the P450 Enzyme CYP121

Journal Article · · Journal of the American Chemical Society
 [1]; ORCiD logo [1];  [2];  [1]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [3];  [2]; ORCiD logo [2];  [1]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [2];  [2];  [2];  [3];  [2];  [2];  [4]; ORCiD logo [4]; ORCiD logo [4]; ORCiD logo [2] more »; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [2];  [2]; ORCiD logo [1] « less
  1. Univ. of Texas at San Antonio, TX (United States)
  2. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
  3. Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot (United Kingdom); Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Oxford (United Kingdom). Rutherford Appleton Lab. (RAL)
  4. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

The P450 enzyme CYP121 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalyzes a carbon–carbon (C–C) bond coupling cyclization of the dityrosine substrate containing a diketopiperazine ring, cyclo(l-tyrosine-l-tyrosine) (cYY). An unusual high-spin (S = 5/2) ferric intermediate maximizes its population in less than 5 ms in the rapid freeze-quenching study of CYP121 during the shunt reaction with peracetic acid or hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid solution. Here, we show that this intermediate can also be observed in the crystalline state by EPR spectroscopy. By developing an on-demand-rapid-mixing method for time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography with X-ray free-electron laser (tr-SFX-XFEL) technology covering the millisecond time domain and without freezing, we structurally monitored the reaction in situ at room temperature. After a 200 ms peracetic acid reaction with the cocrystallized enzyme–substrate microcrystal slurry, a ferric-hydroperoxo intermediate is observed, and its structure is determined at 1.85 Å resolution. The structure shows a hydroperoxyl ligand between the heme and the native substrate, cYY. The oxygen atoms of the hydroperoxo are 2.5 and 3.2 Å from the iron ion. The end-on binding ligand adopts a near-side-on geometry and is weakly associated with the iron ion, causing the unusual high-spin state. This compound 0 intermediate, spectroscopically and structurally observed during the catalytic shunt pathway, reveals a unique binding mode that deviates from the end-on compound 0 intermediates in other heme enzymes. The hydroperoxyl ligand is only 2.9 Å from the bound cYY, suggesting an active oxidant role of the intermediate for direct substrate oxidation in the nonhydroxylation C–C bond coupling chemistry.

Research Organization:
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences Division (CSGB); National Institutes of Health (NIH); The Welch Foundation; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-76SF00515; AC02-05CH11231; AX-2110-20220331; BB/V001892/1; S10 OD023453; GM108988; GM117126; GM55302; GM149528; GM110501; GM126289; 1P41GM139687
OSTI ID:
2328672
Journal Information:
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 145, Issue 46; ISSN 0002-7863
Publisher:
American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (71)

Spectroscopic Characterization of a Hydroperoxo–Heme Intermediate: Conversion of a Side-On Peroxo to an End-On Hydroperoxo Complex journal November 2009
SPIN-STATE CHANGES IN CYTOCHROME P-450 cam ON BINDING OF SPECIFIC SUBSTRATES journal August 1970
Molecular Rationale for Partitioning between C–H and C–F Bond Activation in Heme-Dependent Tyrosine Hydroxylase journal March 2021
Formation of an End-On Ferric Peroxo Intermediate upon One-Electron Reduction of a Ferric Superoxo Heme journal March 2010
Characterization of the Microsomal Cytochrome P450 2B4 O 2 Activation Intermediates by Cryoreduction and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance journal September 2008
Probing Ligand Exchange in the P450 Enzyme CYP121 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Dynamic Equilibrium of the Distal Heme Ligand as a Function of pH and Temperature journal November 2017
Active Site Aromatic Residues Play a Dual Role in the Substrate Interaction and Protein Structure in Functional Dimers of CYP121A1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis journal March 2023
The crystal structure of peroxymyoglobin generated through cryoradiolytic reduction of myoglobin compound III during data collection journal May 2008
DIALS : implementation and evaluation of a new integration package journal February 2018
Magnetic and spectroscopic characterization of an iron porphyrin peroxide complex. Peroxoferrioctaethylporphyrin(1-) journal March 1988
Versatility of biological non-heme Fe(II) centers in oxygen activation reactions journal February 2008
Cross-linking of dicyclotyrosine by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP121 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis proceeds through a catalytic shunt pathway journal June 2017
Mutual synergy between catalase and peroxidase activities of the bifunctional enzyme KatG is facilitated by electron hole-hopping within the enzyme journal November 2017
Improved crystal orientation and physical properties from single-shot XFEL stills journal November 2014
Cytochrome P450-type Hydroxylation and Epoxidation in a Tyrosine-liganded Hemoprotein, Catalase-related Allene Oxide Synthase journal July 2012
Drop-on-demand sample delivery for studying biocatalysts in action at X-ray free-electron lasers journal February 2017
Surface hydrophobics mediate functional dimerization of CYP121A1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis journal January 2021
Hydroxylation of Camphor by Reduced Oxy-Cytochrome P450cam:  Mechanistic Implications of EPR and ENDOR Studies of Catalytic Intermediates in Native and Mutant Enzymes journal February 2001
A structurally-characterized peroxomanganese( iv ) porphyrin from reversible O 2 binding within a metal–organic framework journal January 2018
Structure–Activity Relationships of cyclo(l-Tyrosyl-l-tyrosine) Derivatives Binding to Mycobacterium tuberculosis CYP121: Iodinated Analogues Promote Shift to High-Spin Adduct journal October 2019
Compound I Is the Reactive Intermediate in the First Monooxygenation Step during Conversion of Cholesterol to Pregnenolone by Cytochrome P450scc: EPR/ENDOR/Cryoreduction/Annealing Studies journal October 2012
An Iron−Peroxo Porphyrin Complex:  New Synthesis and Reactivity Toward a Cu(II) Complex Giving a Heme−Peroxo−Copper Adduct journal December 2003
Crystallographic and spectroscopic snapshots reveal a dehydrogenase in action journal January 2015
Role of the Proximal Cysteine Hydrogen Bonding Interaction in Cytochrome P450 2B4 Studied by Cryoreduction, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, and Electron–Nuclear Double Resonance Spectroscopy journal February 2016
Epoxidation of Olefins by Hydroperoxo−Ferric Cytochrome P450 journal March 2003
Mechanistic aspects of CYP74 allene oxide synthases and related cytochrome P450 enzymes journal September 2009
Structural Characterization of the Fleeting Ferric Peroxo Species in Myoglobin:  Experiment and Theory journal November 2007
Peroxo-iron and oxenoid-iron species as alternative oxygenating agents in cytochrome P450-catalyzed reactions: switching by threonine-302 to alanine mutagenesis of cytochrome P450 2B4. journal May 1996
An on-demand, drop-on-drop method for studying enzyme catalysis by serial crystallography journal July 2021
Characterization and alkane oxidation activity of a diastereopure seven-coordinate iron(iii) alkylperoxo complex journal January 2007
Accurate macromolecular structures using minimal measurements from X-ray free-electron lasers journal March 2014
Evidence That Compound I Is the Active Species in Both the Hydroxylase and Lyase Steps by Which P450scc Converts Cholesterol to Pregnenolone: EPR/ENDOR/Cryoreduction/Annealing Studies journal November 2015
Reaction Initiation in Enzyme Crystals by Diffusion of Substrate journal February 2020
Atomic Structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CYP121 to 1.06 Å Reveals Novel Features of Cytochrome P450 journal February 2003
Epoxidation of olefins by cytochrome P450: Evidence from site-specific mutagenesis for hydroperoxo-iron as an electrophilic oxidant journal March 1998
Potential drug targets in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome P450 system journal March 2018
19F-NMR reveals substrate specificity of CYP121A1 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis journal November 2021
Peroxo(tetraphenylporphinato)manganese(III) and chloro(tetraphenylporphinato)manganese(II) anions. Synthesis, crystal structures, and electronic structures. journal March 1987
Substrate flow in catalases deduced from the crystal structures of active site variants of HPII from Escherichia coli: Structures of Catalase HPII Variants journal July 2001
Analysis of Aliphatic Per Acids journal November 1948
Evidence for the formation of a mononuclear ferric–hydroperoxo complex via the reaction of dioxygen with an (N4S(thiolate))iron(ii) complex journal January 2009
The ferric-hydroperoxo complex of chloroperoxidase journal November 2007
Rational Tuning of the Thiolate Donor in Model Complexes of Superoxide Reductase: Direct Evidence for a trans Influence in FeIII−OOR Complexes journal October 2008
Comparative EPR study on high-spin ferric porphine complexes and cytochrome P-450 having rhombic character journal July 1977
Unveiling the crucial intermediates in androgen production journal December 2015
Formation and Decay of Hydroperoxo-Ferric Heme Complex in Horseradish Peroxidase Studied by Cryoradiolysis journal November 2002
Observing 3-hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-dioxygenase in action through a crystalline lens journal July 2020
Evidence for Two Different Active Oxygen Species in Cytochrome P450 BM3 Mediated Sulfoxidation and N-Dealkylation Reactions journal July 2002
Substrate-Assisted Hydroxylation and O-Demethylation in the Peroxidase-like Cytochrome P450 Enzyme CYP121 journal December 2019
PHENIX: a comprehensive Python-based system for macromolecular structure solution journal January 2010
The reaction mechanism of allene oxide synthase: Interplay of theoretical QM/MM calculations and experimental investigations journal March 2011
XFEL diffraction: developing processing methods to optimize data quality journal January 2015
Human Cytochrome CYP17A1: The Structural Basis for Compromised Lyase Activity with 17-Hydroxyprogesterone journal May 2018
Structure of a ternary complex of lactoperoxidase with iodide and hydrogen peroxide at 1.77 Å resolution journal July 2021
Hydroperoxoferric heme intermediate as a second electrophilic oxidant in cytochrome P450-catalyzed reactions journal July 2004
Identification and structural basis of the reaction catalyzed by CYP121, an essential cytochrome P450 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis journal April 2009
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance Studies of the Reactions of Cryogenerated Hydroperoxoferric–Hemoprotein Intermediates journal July 2014
Oxygen Activation and Radical Transformations in Heme Proteins and Metalloporphyrins journal December 2017
SAD phasing of XFEL data depends critically on the error model journal October 2019
Protein structural ensembles are revealed by redefining X-ray electron density noise journal December 2013
Characterization of Active Site Structure in CYP121: A CYTOCHROME P450 ESSENTIAL FOR VIABILITY OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS H37Rv journal September 2008
Dioxygen activation by nonheme iron enzymes with the 2-His-1-carboxylate facial triad that generate high-valent oxoiron oxidants journal January 2017
Spectroscopic and Crystallographic Evidence for the Role of a Water-Containing H-Bond Network in Oxidase Activity of an Engineered Myoglobin journal January 2016
EasySpin, a comprehensive software package for spectral simulation and analysis in EPR journal January 2006
Active intermediates in heme monooxygenase reactions as revealed by cryoreduction/annealing, EPR/ENDOR studies journal March 2011
The Second Step of the Nitric Oxide Synthase Reaction: Evidence for Ferric-Peroxo as the Active Oxidant journal December 2008
Cytochrome P450 Compound I: Capture, Characterization, and C-H Bond Activation Kinetics journal November 2010
Structure and quantum chemical characterization of chloroperoxidase compound 0, a common reaction intermediate of diverse heme enzymes journal December 2006
Synthetic Models for the Cysteinate-Ligated Non-Heme Iron Enzyme Superoxide Reductase:  Observation and Structural Characterization by XAS of an Fe III −OOH Intermediate journal September 2002
Density functional theory calculations on Fe–O and O–O cleavage of ferric hydroperoxide species: Role of axial ligand and spin state journal October 2010
Non-heme iron enzymes: Contrasts to heme catalysis journal February 2003

Cited By (1)

In Situ Structural Observation of a Substrate- and Peroxide-Bound High-Spin Ferric-Hydroperoxo Intermediate in the P450 Enzyme CYP12 dataset January 2023