Low-Temperature Characterization of a Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolyte for Lithium Batteries

Hickson, Darby T.; Im, Julia; Halat, David M.; Karvat, Aakash; Reimer, Jeffrey A.; Balsara, Nitash P.

doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ad2d91

Title: Low-Temperature Characterization of a Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolyte for Lithium Batteries

Journal Article · 12 March 2024 · Journal of the Electrochemical Society

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad2d91 · OSTI ID:2323571

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; Karvat, Aakash;

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Rechargeable batteries exhibit poor performance at low temperatures due to sluggish ion transport through the electrolytic phase. Ion transport is governed by three transport parameters—conductivity, diffusion coefficient, and the cation transference number with respect to the solvent velocity—and the thermodynamic factor. Understanding how these parameters change with temperature is necessary for designing improved electrolytes. In this work, we combine electrochemical techniques with electrophoretic NMR to determine the temperature dependence of these parameters for a liquid electrolyte, LiTFSI salt dissolved in tetraglyme between −20 and 45 °C. At colder temperatures, all species in the electrolyte tend to move more slowly due to increasing viscosity, which translates to a monotonic decrease in conductivity and diffusion coefficient with decreasing temperature. Surprisingly, we find that the field-induced velocity of solvent molecules at a particular salt concentration is a nonmonotonic function of temperature. The cation transference number with respect to the solvent velocity thus exhibits a complex dependence on temperature and salt concentration. The measured thermodynamic and transport properties are used to predict concentration gradients that will form in a lithium-lithium symmetric cell under a constant applied potential as a function of temperature using concentrated solution theory. The calculated steady current at −20 °C is lower than that at 45 °C by roughly two orders of magnitude.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

OSTI ID:: 2323571

Journal Information:: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Journal Name: Journal of the Electrochemical Society Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 171; ISSN 0013-4651

Publisher:: The Electrochemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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