Reducing Pb and Cl Mobility in Waste-to-Energy Fly Ashes via Chlorellestadite Formation

Kumar, Vikram; Baral, Aniruddha; Roesler, Jeffery R.; Garg, Nishant

doi:10.1021/acsestengg.3c00597

Title: Reducing Pb and Cl Mobility in Waste-to-Energy Fly Ashes via Chlorellestadite Formation

Journal Article · 07 March 2024 · ACS ES&T Engineering

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.3c00597 · OSTI ID:2322388

^[1];

^[1]; Roesler, Jeffery R. ^[1];

^[1]

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)

Sustainably sourced development minerals are vital to meeting the demand for low-carbon construction materials. A potential waste material that can be a low-carbon construction material for cementitious systems is waste-to-energy fly ash (WTE ash), a by-product of waste incineration. WTE ash contains chloride-bearing species and heavy metals, which can promote steel reinforcement corrosion and present long-term leaching risks. Here, we present a new multi-step ash treatment protocol involving dissolution and heating to transform the non-readily removable chlorides in WTE ash to Chlorellestadite (Ca₁₀(SiO₄)₃(SO₄)₃Cl₂). Our results suggest that this transformation significantly reduces chloride release from WTE ash in an alkaline cement-like environment by over two orders of magnitude, from 1500 mg/l to less than 10 mg/l. This transformation also significantly reduces Pb mobility after treatment (from > 5 mg/l to < 0.5 mg/l), likely caused by the crystallo-chemical incorporation of Pb in Chlorellestadite. In contrast to the existing ash treatment methods, the proposed ash treatment protocol minimizes heavy metals volatilization while simultaneously reducing Pb mobility and chloride release through Chlorellestadite formation. Furthermore, these findings overcome limitations preventing the commercial use of WTE ash and thus opening up pathways towards a circular economy.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E)

Grant/Contract Number:: AR0001401

OSTI ID:: 2322388

Journal Information:: ACS ES&T Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 5; ISSN 2690-0645

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (72)

MSWI Fly Ash Native Carbon Thermal Degradation: A TG-FTIR Study Fermo, P.; Cariati, F.; Santacesaria, S. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 34, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/es000062p	journal	September 2000
Why Does Concrete Set?: The Nature of Cohesion Forces in Hardened Cement-Based Materials Pellenq, Roland J. -M.; Van Damme, Henri MRS Bulletin, Vol. 29, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.97	journal	May 2004
National and regional waste stream in the United States: conformance and disparity Kumar, Vikram; Garg, Nishant Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4505/ac36bd	journal	November 2021
Carbon dioxide sequestration in municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash Rendek, Eva; Ducom, Gaëlle; Germain, Patrick Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 128, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.07.033	journal	January 2006
What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050 Kaza, Silpa; Yao, Lisa C.; Bhada-Tata, Perinaz https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1329-0	book	September 2018
The chemical and physical origin of incineration ash reactivity in cementitious systems Kumar, Vikram; Garg, Nishant Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 177 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106009	journal	February 2022
Chemical extraction of organic carbon to reduce the leaching potential risk from MSWI bottom ash Guimaraes, A. L.; Okuda, T.; Nishijima, W. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 125, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.05.024	journal	October 2005
Clarifying and quantifying the immobilization capacity of cement pastes on heavy metals Wang, Dengquan; Wang, Qiang Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 161 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106945	journal	November 2022
Short-Term Changes in Bacterial Community Fingerprints and Potential Activities in an Alfisol Supplemented with Solid Waste Leachates Poly, Franck; Gros, Raphael; Jocteur-Monrozier, Lucile Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 36, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/es025507j	journal	September 2002
High-Temperature Chemical and Microstructural Transformations of a Nanocomposite Organoceramic Messersmith, Phillip B.; Stupp, Samuel I. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00051a004	journal	March 1995
CO₂-Assisted Water-Washing Process of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash for Chloride Removal Zuo, Wu; Zhao, Runbo; Dong, Guanghui Energy & Fuels, Vol. 36, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c03014	journal	October 2022
A new hypothesis for air loss in cement systems containing fly ash Tunstall, Lori E.; Scherer, George W.; Prud'homme, Robert K. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106352	journal	April 2021
Thermal treatment of the fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerator with rotary kiln Wey, Ming-Yen; Liu, Kuang-Yu; Tsai, Tsung-Hsun Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 137, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.03.024	journal	September 2006
Persistence of engineered nanoparticles in a municipal solid-waste incineration plant Walser, Tobias; Limbach, Ludwig K.; Brogioli, Robert Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.64	journal	May 2012
Removal of chloride from MSWI fly ash Chen, Wei-Sheng; Chang, Fang-Chih; Shen, Yun-Hwei Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 237-238 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.08.010	journal	October 2012
Hydraulic properties of the calcium silicate sulfate chloride Ca4(SiO4)(SO4)Cl2 von Lampe, F. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 19, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(89)90044-6	journal	September 1989
Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Chloride Binding to the Surfaces of Calcium Hydroxide, Hydrated Calcium Aluminate, and Calcium Silicate Phases Kalinichev, Andrey G.; Kirkpatrick, R. James Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 14, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm0107070	journal	August 2002
Assessing, Understanding and Unlocking Supplementary Cementitious Materials Snellings, Ruben RILEM Technical Letters, Vol. 1 https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2016.12	journal	March 2016
GSAS-II : the genesis of a modern open-source all purpose crystallography software package Toby, Brian H.; Von Dreele, Robert B. Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 46, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889813003531	journal	March 2013
Accelerators for normal concrete: A critical review on hydration, microstructure and properties of cement-based materials Wang, Yifei; Lei, Lei; Liu, Jianhui Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 134 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104762	journal	November 2022
Performance of chemical chelating agent stabilization and cement solidification on heavy metals in MSWI fly ash: A comparative study Ma, Wenchao; Chen, Dongmei; Pan, Minhui Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 247 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.089	journal	October 2019
The application of multiple advanced chloride removal methods to synthesized Friedel’s salt and municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash Matsumoto, Hitomi; Takaoka, Masaki Waste Management, Vol. 141 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.01.029	journal	March 2022
A CO₃-bearing member of the hydroxylapatite–hydroxylellestadite series from Tadano, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan: CO₃-SO₄ substitution in the apatite–ellestadite series Banno, Y.; Miyawaki, R.; Momma, K. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 80, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2016.080.005	journal	April 2016
Stabilization and separation of heavy metals in incineration fly ash during the hydrothermal treatment process Hu, Yuyan; Zhang, Pengfei; Li, Jianping Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 299 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.002	journal	December 2015
Mineral security essential to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals Franks, Daniel M.; Keenan, Julia; Hailu, Degol Nature Sustainability, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-022-00967-9	journal	October 2022
Working mechanism of calcium nitrate as an accelerator for Portland cement hydration Dorn, Tobias; Hirsch, Tamino; Stephan, Dietmar Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 106, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.18782	journal	September 2022
Understanding the Filler Effect on the Nucleation and Growth of C-S-H Berodier, E.; Scrivener, K. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 97, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.13177	journal	August 2014
Cement substitution with secondary materials can reduce annual global CO2 emissions by up to 1.3 gigatons Shah, Izhar Hussain; Miller, Sabbie A.; Jiang, Daqian Nature Communications, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33289-7	journal	September 2022
Accelerated carbonation of municipal solid waste incineration fly ashes Li, Xiaomin; Bertos, Marta Fernández; Hills, Colin D. Waste Management, Vol. 27, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.06.011	journal	January 2007
Chromium behavior during thermal treatment of MSW fly ash Kirk, D. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 90, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00328-4	journal	February 2002
Recovery of soluble chloride salts from the wastewater generated during the washing process of municipal solid wastes incineration fly ash Tang, Hailong; Erzat, Aris; Liu, Yangsheng Environmental Technology, Vol. 35, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2014.924568	journal	June 2014
Removal of hazardous metals from MSW fly ash—An evaluation of ash leaching methods Karlfeldt Fedje, Karin; Ekberg, Christian; Skarnemark, Gunnar Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 173, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.094	journal	January 2010
The participation of bound chloride in passive film breakdown on steel in concrete Glass, G. K.; Reddy, B.; Buenfeld, N. R. Corrosion Science, Vol. 42, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00040-8	journal	November 2000
Chloride Chemical Form in Various Types of Fly Ash Zhu, Fenfen; Takaoka, Masaki; Shiota, Kenji Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 42, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/es7031168	journal	June 2008
A Practical Guide to Microstructural Analysis of Cementitious Materials Scrivener, Karen; Snellings, Ruben; Lothenbach, Barbara https://doi.org/10.1201/b19074	book	October 2018
Re-evaluating the TCLP’s Role as the Regulatory Driver in the Management of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Ash Clavier, Kyle A.; Liu, Yalan; Intrakamhaeng, Vicharana Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 53, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01370	journal	June 2019
Heavy metal leaching behaviour and long-term environmental risk assessment of cement-solidified municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in sanitary landfill Liu, Qin; Wang, Xiaona; Gao, Ming Chemosphere, Vol. 300 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134571	journal	August 2022
Chemical speciation of carbon in municipal solid waste incinerator residues Ferrari, Stefano; Belevi, Hasan; Baccini, Peter Waste Management, Vol. 22, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(01)00049-6	journal	June 2002
The Crystal Chemistry of Ca_10–y(SiO₄)₃(SO₄)₃Cl_2–x–2yF_x Ellestadite Fang, Yanan; Ritter, Clemens; White, Tim Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 50, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/ic201673r	journal	November 2011
Potential for future reductions of global GHG and air pollutants from circular waste management systems Gómez-Sanabria, Adriana; Kiesewetter, Gregor; Klimont, Zbigniew Nature Communications, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27624-7	journal	January 2022
Increasing material efficiencies of buildings to address the global sand crisis Zhong, Xiaoyang; Deetman, Sebastiaan; Tukker, Arnold Nature Sustainability, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-022-00857-0	journal	March 2022
Future and emerging supplementary cementitious materials Snellings, Ruben; Suraneni, Prannoy; Skibsted, Jørgen Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 171 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107199	journal	September 2023
Mineralogical Transformations During a Stabilization Process Developed for the Valorization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Fly Ash Aubert, Jean-Emmanuel; Mahieux, Pierre-Yves; Husson, Bernard Waste and Biomass Valorization, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-010-9018-6	journal	May 2010
Chlorellestadite, Ca5(SiO4)1.5(SO4)1.5Cl, a new ellestadite- group mineral from the Shadil-Khokh volcano, South Ossetia Środek, Dorota; Galuskina, Irina O.; Galuskin, Evgeny Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 112, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-018-0571-1	journal	May 2018
Speciation of Zinc in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash after Heat Treatment: An X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study Struis, Rudolf P. W. J.; Ludwig, Christian; Lutz, Harald Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 38, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/es0346126	journal	June 2004
The Fate of Lead in MSWI-Fly Ash During Heat Treatment: An X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study Struis, Rudolf Paul Wilhelm Jozef; Nachtegaal, Maarten; Mattenberger, Harald Advanced Engineering Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200800324	journal	June 2009
An evaluation of calcined hydrocalumite as carbon dioxide adsorbent using thermogravimetric analysis Rossi, Thiago M.; Campos, Juacyara C.; Souza, Mariana M. V. M. Applied Clay Science, Vol. 182 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.105252	journal	December 2019
Measurement of Volume Change in Cementitious Materials at Early Ages: Review of Testing Protocols and Interpretation of Results Sant, Gaurav; Lura, Pietro; Weiss, Jason Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 1979 https://doi.org/10.3141/1979-05	journal	January 2006
The world’s growing municipal solid waste: trends and impacts Chen, David Meng-Chuen; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Krueger, Tobias Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8659	journal	June 2020
Complete Heavy Metal Removal from Fly Ash by Heat Treatment: Influence of Chlorides on Evaporation Rates Jakob, A.; Stucki, S.; Struis, R. P. W. J. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 30, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/es960059z	journal	October 1996
Laboratory Studies of Potassium-Halide-Induced High-Temperature Corrosion of Superheater Steels. Part 1: Exposures in Dry Air Wu, Hao; Yrjas, Patrik; Hupa, Mikko Energy & Fuels, Vol. 29, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/ef502245f	journal	January 2015
Metal recovery from incineration bottom ash: State-of-the-art and recent developments Šyc, Michal; Simon, Franz Georg; Hykš, Jiri Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 393 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122433	journal	July 2020
Mineralogical study of secondary mineral phases from weathered MSWI bottom ash: implications for the modelling and trapping of heavy metals Piantone, P.; Bodénan, F.; Chatelet-Snidaro, L. Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 19, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.05.006	journal	December 2004
Thermal treatment of solid residues from WtE units: A review Lindberg, Daniel; Molin, Camilla; Hupa, Mikko Waste Management, Vol. 37 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.12.009	journal	March 2015
Mechanism of zinc oxide retardation in alkali-activated materials: an in situ X-ray pair distribution function investigation Garg, Nishant; White, Claire E. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA00412E	journal	January 2017
Crystal Chemistry of Vanadium-Bearing Ellestadite Waste Forms Fang, Yanan; Page, Sam J.; Rees, Gregory J. Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 57, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01160	journal	July 2018
Cement chemistry (2nd edition) Taylor, H. F. W. https://doi.org/10.1680/cc.25929	book	January 1997
Thermal separation of zinc and other valuable elements from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash Lane, Daniel J.; Hartikainen, Aki; Sippula, Olli Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120014	journal	April 2020
Heavy metal removal from municipal solid waste fly ash by chlorination and thermal treatment Nowak, B.; Pessl, A.; Aschenbrenner, P. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 179, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.008	journal	July 2010
Heavy metal removal from MSW fly ash by means of chlorination and thermal treatment: Influence of the chloride type Nowak, Benedikt; Frías Rocha, Sandra; Aschenbrenner, Philipp Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 179 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.10.077	journal	January 2012
Long-term stability in landfills of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration fly ashes solidified/stabilized by hydraulic binders Yvon, Jacques; Antenucci, Diano; Jdid, El-Aid Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol. 90, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.09.008	journal	July 2006
Comparison of two types of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ashes with different alkaline reagents in washing experiments Zhu, Fenfen; Takaoka, Masaki; Oshita, Kazuyuki Waste Management, Vol. 29, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.03.008	journal	January 2009
The size effect in corrosion greatly influences the predicted life span of concrete infrastructures Angst, Ueli M.; Elsener, Bernhard Science Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700751	journal	August 2017
Kinetic Rate Laws of Cd, Pb, and Zn Vaporization during Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Falcoz, Quentin; Gauthier, Daniel; Abanades, Stéphane Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 43, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/es803102x	journal	February 2009
Comprehensive understanding the transition behaviors and mechanisms of chlorine and metal ions in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash during thermal treatment Zhao, Chunlong; Lin, Shujie; Zhao, Youcai Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 807 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150731	journal	February 2022
Speciation of zinc in secondary fly ashes of municipal solid waste at high temperatures Yu, Meijuan; Tian, Shulei; Chu, Wangsheng Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0909049509020032	journal	June 2009
Environmental Impacts of Alternative Cement Binders Miller, Sabbie A.; Myers, Rupert J. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 54, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b05550	journal	December 2019
Enhancing phase identification in waste-to-energy fly ashes: Role of Raman spectroscopy, background fluorescence, and photobleaching Samouh, Hamza; Kumar, Vikram; Santiago, Halle-Mari Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 460 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132462	journal	October 2023
Waste-to-Energy Technologies and Global Applications Kalogirou, Efstratios N. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315269061	book	August 2017
Acid washing of incineration bottom ash of municipal solid waste: Effects of pH on removal and leaching of heavy metals Sun, Xinlei; Yi, Yaolin Waste Management, Vol. 120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.030	journal	February 2021
Controlling Role of CaClOH in the Process of Dechlorination for Municipal Solid Incineration Fly Ash Utilization Liu, Zixing; Yang, Yimin; Zhang, Yu ACS ES&T Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.2c00183	journal	September 2022
Hydroxylellestadite from Cioclovina Cave (Romania): Microanalytical, structural, and vibrational spectroscopy data Onac, B. P.; Effenberger, H.; Ettinger, K. American Mineralogist, Vol. 91, Issue 11-12 https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2006.2143	journal	November 2006

Similar Records

Rapid AI-based Dissection of Ashes using Raman and XRF Spectroscopy (RADAR-X)

Technical Report · 2023 · OSTI ID:2352734

Kumar, Vikram; Baral, Aniruddha; Baltaji, Razan; +8 more

Chlorellestadite-enriched waste-to-energy fly ashes in cementitious systems: Implications of ash treatment on end use

Journal Article · 2024 · Chemical Engineering Journal · OSTI ID:2466243

Baral, Aniruddha; Kumar, Vikram; Roesler, Jeffery R.; +1 more

Enhancing phase identification in waste-to-energy fly ashes: Role of Raman spectroscopy, background fluorescence, and photobleaching

Journal Article · 2023 · Journal of Hazardous Materials · OSTI ID:2000537

Samouh, Hamza; Kumar, Vikram; Santiago, Halle-Mari; +1 more

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
42 ENGINEERING
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Incineration
Municipal solid waste
Chloride
Lead
Cement
Anions
Dissolution
Hydration
Materials
Reaction products

Title: Reducing Pb and Cl Mobility in Waste-to-Energy Fly Ashes via Chlorellestadite Formation

Citation Formats

References (72)

Similar Records

Related Subjects