Non-classical crystallization in soft and organic materials

Du, Jingshan S.; Bae, Yuna; De Yoreo, James J.

doi:10.1038/s41578-023-00637-y

Title: Non-classical crystallization in soft and organic materials

Journal Article · 05 February 2024 · Nature Reviews. Materials

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-023-00637-y · OSTI ID:2290447

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Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); University of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)

Classical nucleation and crystal growth theories describe how nuclei form, become stable after reaching a critical size and then enlarge through monomer attachment. More than two decades ago, non-classical pathways have been proposed for various types of (bio)molecules and materials, which can substantially alter the crystallization kinetics and outcomes. Direct observation of non-classical crystallization of inorganic nanomaterials, including metastable structure-mediated and particle attachment-based pathways that usually occur on the nanoscale, was enabled by in situ liquid-phase electron microscopy. However, it was not until recently that the crystallization dynamics of beam-sensitive soft materials were directly imaged with sufficient spatial resolution, and a level of microstructural understanding of defects and interfaces emerged. This article provides a high-level review of the non-classical crystallization pathways discovered in soft and organic materials and a forward-looking guide for future research. We first analyse how the characteristics of soft materials affect their crystallization pathways and kinetics. We then identify technical approaches to studying the crystallization trajectories of soft materials and discuss strategies to properly select and apply them to different systems. Breakthroughs made in understanding the crystallization of small organic molecules, (bio)macromolecules, colloids and reticular framework materials are examined. Lastly, we provide an outlook on the challenges in elucidating soft material crystallization pathways and the opportunities for assisting the design and synthesis of new materials and structures.

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Research Organization:: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); University of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830; SC0019288

OSTI ID:: 2290447

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA-189362

Journal Information:: Nature Reviews. Materials, Journal Name: Nature Reviews. Materials Vol. 9; ISSN 2058-8437

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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