Spectacular Nucleosynthesis from Early Massive Stars

Ji, Alexander P.; Curtis, Sanjana; Storm, Nicholas; Chandra, Vedant; C. Schlaufman, Kevin; G. Stassun, Keivan; Heger, Alexander; Pignatari, Marco; Price-Whelan, Adrian M.; Bergemann, Maria; Stringfellow, Guy S.; Fröhlich, Carla; Reggiani, Henrique; Holmbeck, Erika M.; Tayar, Jamie; Shah, Shivani P.; Griffith, Emily J.; Laporte, Chervin F. P.; Casey, Andrew R.; Hawkins, Keith; Horta, Danny; Cerny, William; Thibodeaux, Pierre; Usman, Sam A.; Amarante, João A. S.; Beaton, Rachael L.; Cargile, Phillip A.; Chiappini, Cristina; Conroy, Charlie; Johnson, Jennifer A.; Kollmeier, Juna A.; Li, Haining; Loebman, Sarah; Meynet, Georges; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Brownstein, Joel R.; Gupta, Pramod; Morrison, Sean; Pan, Kaike; Ramirez, Solange V.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Sánchez-Gallego, José

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad19c4

Title: Spectacular Nucleosynthesis from Early Massive Stars

Journal Article · 30 January 2024 · The Astrophysical Journal. Letters

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad19c4 · OSTI ID:2283489

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Abstract Stars that formed with an initial mass of over 50 M _⊙ are very rare today, but they are thought to be more common in the early Universe. The fates of those early, metal-poor, massive stars are highly uncertain. Most are expected to directly collapse to black holes, while some may explode as a result of rotationally powered engines or the pair-creation instability. We present the chemical abundances of J0931+0038, a nearby low-mass star identified in early follow-up of the SDSS-V Milky Way Mapper, which preserves the signature of unusual nucleosynthesis from a massive star in the early Universe. J0931+0038 has a relatively high metallicity ([Fe/H] = −1.76 ± 0.13) but an extreme odd–even abundance pattern, with some of the lowest known abundance ratios of [N/Fe], [Na/Fe], [K/Fe], [Sc/Fe], and [Ba/Fe]. The implication is that a majority of its metals originated in a single extremely metal-poor nucleosynthetic source. An extensive search through nucleosynthesis predictions finds a clear preference for progenitors with initial mass >50 M _⊙ , making J0931+0038 one of the first observational constraints on nucleosynthesis in this mass range. However, the full abundance pattern is not matched by any models in the literature. J0931+0038 thus presents a challenge for the next generation of nucleosynthesis models and motivates the study of high-mass progenitor stars impacted by convection, rotation, jets, and/or binary companions. Though rare, more examples of unusual early nucleosynthesis in metal-poor stars should be found in upcoming large spectroscopic surveys.

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Research Organization:: North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-02ER41216

OSTI ID:: 2283489

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal. Letters, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal. Letters Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 961; ISSN 2041-8205

Publisher:: American Astronomical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Accurate Empirical Radii and Masses of Planets and Their Host Stars with Gaia Parallaxes Stassun, Keivan G.; Collins, Karen A.; Gaudi, B. Scott The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 153, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa5df3	journal	March 2017
Empirical Accurate Masses and Radii of Single Stars with TESS and Gaia Stassun, Keivan G.; Corsaro, Enrico; Pepper, Joshua A. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 155, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa998a	journal	December 2017
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The Southern Stellar Stream Spectroscopic Survey ( S ⁵ ): Chemical Abundances of Seven Stellar Streams Ji, Alexander P.; Li, Ting S.; Hansen, Terese T. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 160, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abacb6	journal	September 2020
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Metal Mixing in the r-process Enhanced Ultrafaint Dwarf Galaxy Reticulum II* Ji, Alexander P.; Simon, Joshua D.; Roederer, Ian U. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 165, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acad84	journal	February 2023
Iron-rich Metal-poor Stars and the Astrophysics of Thermonuclear Events Observationally Classified as Type Ia Supernovae. I. Establishing the Connection Reggiani, Henrique; Schlaufman, Kevin C.; Casey, Andrew R. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 166, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ace68c	journal	August 2023
Pulsational Pair-instability Supernovae Woosley, S. E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 836, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/836/2/244	journal	February 2017
Non-local Thermodynamic Equilibrium Stellar Spectroscopy with 1D and $\langle {\rm{3}}{\rm{D}}\rangle $ Models. I. Methods and Application to Magnesium Abundances in Standard Stars Bergemann, Maria; Collet, Remo; Amarsi, Anish M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 847, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa88cb	journal	September 2017
Nucleosynthesis in the Innermost Ejecta of Neutrino-driven Supernova Explosions in Two Dimensions Wanajo, Shinya; Müller, Bernhard; Janka, Hans-Thomas The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 852, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa9d97	journal	January 2018
i -process Contribution of Rapidly Accreting White Dwarfs to the Solar Composition of First-peak Neutron-capture Elements Côté, Benoit; Denissenkov, Pavel; Herwig, Falk The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 854, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaaae8	journal	February 2018
The Initial Mass Function of the First Stars Inferred from Extremely Metal-poor Stars Ishigaki, Miho N.; Tominaga, Nozomu; Kobayashi, Chiaki The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 857, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab3de	journal	April 2018
A New Test of Copper and Zinc Abundances in Late-type Stars Using Ultraviolet Cu ii and Zn ii Lines Roederer, Ian U.; Barklem, Paul S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 857, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab71f	journal	April 2018
Stellar Yields of Rotating First Stars. II. Pair-instability Supernovae and Comparison with Observations Takahashi, Koh; Yoshida, Takashi; Umeda, Hideyuki The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 857, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab95f	journal	April 2018
A Stringent Limit on the Mass Production Rate of r -process Elements in the Milky Way Macias, Phillip; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 860, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac3e0	journal	June 2018
New Neutron-capture Site in Massive Pop III and Pop II Stars as a Source for Heavy Elements in the Early Galaxy Banerjee, Projjwal; Qian, Yong-Zhong; Heger, Alexander The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 865, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aadb8c	journal	September 2018
The R -Process Alliance: A Comprehensive Abundance Analysis of HD 222925, a Metal-poor Star with an Extreme R -process Enhancement of [Eu/H] = −0.14 Roederer, Ian U.; Sakari, Charli M.; Placco, Vinicius M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 865, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aadd92	journal	October 2018
Production of Mo and Ru Isotopes in Neutrino-driven Winds: Implications for Solar Abundances and Presolar Grains Bliss, J.; Arcones, A.; Qian, Y. -Z. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 866, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aade8d	journal	October 2018
PUSHing Core-collapse Supernovae to Explosions in Spherical Symmetry. III. Nucleosynthesis Yields Curtis, Sanjana; Ebinger, Kevin; Fröhlich, Carla The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 870, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae7d2	journal	December 2018
Chemical Abundances in the Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxies Grus I and Triangulum II: Neutron-capture Elements as a Defining Feature of the Faintest Dwarfs Ji, Alexander P.; Simon, Joshua D.; Frebel, Anna The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 870, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf3bb	journal	January 2019
The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc Eilers, Anna-Christina; Hogg, David W.; Rix, Hans-Walter The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 871, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648	journal	January 2019
Evidence for an Aspherical Population III Supernova Explosion Inferred from the Hyper-metal-poor Star HE 1327–2326 Ezzeddine, Rana; Frebel, Anna; Roederer, Ian U. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 876, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab14e7	journal	May 2019
Actinide-rich and Actinide-poor r -process-enhanced Metal-poor Stars Do Not Require Separate r -process Progenitors Holmbeck, Erika M.; Frebel, Anna; McLaughlin, G. C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2a01	journal	August 2019
Mapping the Stellar Halo with the H3 Spectroscopic Survey Conroy, Charlie; Bonaca, Ana; Cargile, Phillip The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab38b8	journal	September 2019
Mind the Gap: The Location of the Lower Edge of the Pair-instability Supernova Black Hole Mass Gap Farmer, R.; Renzo, M.; de Mink, S. E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab518b	journal	December 2019
A 3D Dust Map Based on Gaia , Pan-STARRS 1, and 2MASS Green, Gregory M.; Schlafly, Edward; Zucker, Catherine The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab5362	journal	December 2019
PUSHing Core-collapse Supernovae to Explosions in Spherical Symmetry. IV. Explodability, Remnant Properties, and Nucleosynthesis Yields of Low-metallicity Stars Ebinger, Kevin; Curtis, Sanjana; Ghosh, Somdutta The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 888, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab5dcb	journal	January 2020
Detailed Abundances in the Ultra-faint Magellanic Satellites Carina II and III Ji, A. P.; Li, T. S.; Simon, J. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 889, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6213	journal	January 2020
MINESweeper: Spectrophotometric Modeling of Stars in the Gaia Era Cargile, Phillip A.; Conroy, Charlie; Johnson, Benjamin D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 900, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aba43b	journal	August 2020
On the Development of Multidimensional Progenitor Models for Core-collapse Supernovae Fields, C. E.; Couch, Sean M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 901, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abada7	journal	September 2020
The Ultimately Large Telescope: What Kind of Facility Do We Need to Detect Population III Stars? Schauer, Anna T. P.; Drory, Niv; Bromm, Volker The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 904, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abbc0b	journal	November 2020
A “Quick Look” at All-sky Galactic Archeology with TESS: 158,000 Oscillating Red Giants from the MIT Quick-look Pipeline Hon, Marc; Huber, Daniel; Kuszlewicz, James S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 919, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac14b1	journal	October 2021
Reconstructing the Last Major Merger of the Milky Way with the H3 Survey Naidu, Rohan P.; Conroy, Charlie; Bonaca, Ana The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 923, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2d2d	journal	December 2021
The Cosmic Carbon Footprint of Massive Stars Stripped in Binary Systems Farmer, R.; Laplace, E.; de Mink, S. E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 923, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2f44	journal	December 2021
Inelastic Processes in Nickel–Hydrogen Collisions Voronov, Yaroslav V.; Yakovleva, Svetlana A.; Belyaev, Andrey K. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 926, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac46fd	journal	February 2022
Metal Mixing in Minihalos: The Descendants of Pair-instability Supernovae Magg, Mattis; Schauer, Anna T. P.; Klessen, Ralf S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 929, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac5aac	journal	April 2022
Rotation Distributions around the Kraft Break with TESS and Kepler: The Influences of Age, Metallicity, and Binarity Avallone, Ellis A.; Tayar, Jamie N.; van Saders, Jennifer L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 930, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac60a1	journal	April 2022
Four-hundred Very Metal-poor Stars Studied with LAMOST and Subaru. II. Elemental Abundances Li, Haining; Aoki, Wako; Matsuno, Tadafumi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 931, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6514	journal	June 2022
Possibilities and Limitations of Kinematically Identifying Stars from Accreted Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxies Brauer, Kaley; Andales, Hillary Diane; Ji, Alexander P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 937, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac85b9	journal	September 2022
Gastro Library. I. The Simulated Chemodynamical Properties of Several Gaia–Sausage–Enceladus-like Stellar Halos Amarante, João A. S.; Debattista, Victor P.; Beraldo E. Silva, Leandro The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 937, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac8b0d	journal	September 2022
Explosion Mechanism of Core-collapse Supernovae: Role of the Si/Si–O Interface Boccioli, Luca; Roberti, Lorenzo; Limongi, Marco The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 949, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acc06a	journal	May 2023
Nucleosynthesis of Binary-stripped Stars Farmer, R.; Laplace, E.; Ma, Jing-ze The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 948, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acc315	journal	May 2023
Things That Might Go Bump in the Night: Assessing Structure in the Binary Black Hole Mass Spectrum Farah, Amanda M.; Edelman, Bruce; Zevin, Michael The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 955, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aced02	journal	September 2023
Revised Catalog of GALEX Ultraviolet Sources. I. The All-Sky Survey: GUVcat_AIS Bianchi, Luciana; Shiao, Bernie; Thilker, David The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 230, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aa7053	journal	June 2017
Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (${\mathtt{M}}{\mathtt{E}}{\mathtt{S}}{\mathtt{A}}$): Convective Boundaries, Element Diffusion, and Massive Star Explosions Paxton, Bill; Schwab, Josiah; Bauer, Evan B. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 234, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aaa5a8	journal	February 2018
Presupernova Evolution and Explosive Nucleosynthesis of Rotating Massive Stars in the Metallicity Range −3 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ 0 Limongi, Marco; Chieffi, Alessandro The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 237, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aacb24	journal	July 2018
A Catalog of 10,000 Very Metal-poor Stars from LAMOST DR3 Li, Haining; Tan, Kefeng; Zhao, Gang The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 238, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aada4a	journal	September 2018
JINAbase—A Database for Chemical Abundances of Metal-poor Stars Abohalima, Abdu; Frebel, Anna The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 238, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aadfe9	journal	October 2018
Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Pulsating Variable Stars, Rotation, Convective Boundaries, and Energy Conservation Paxton, Bill; Smolec, R.; Schwab, Josiah The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 243, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab2241	journal	July 2019
The CatWISE2020 Catalog Marocco, Federico; Eisenhardt, Peter R. M.; Fowler, John W. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 253, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/abd805	journal	February 2021
The Seventeenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Complete Release of MaNGA, MaStar, and APOGEE-2 Data The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 259, Issue 2, p. 35 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac4414	journal	March 2022
The R-process Alliance: A Nearly Complete R-process Abundance Template Derived from Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of the R-process-enhanced Metal-poor Star HD 222925* Roederer, Ian U.; Lawler, James E.; Den Hartog, Elizabeth A. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 260, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac5cbc	journal	June 2022
Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Time-dependent Convection, Energy Conservation, Automatic Differentiation, and Infrastructure Jermyn, Adam S.; Bauer, Evan B.; Schwab, Josiah The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 265, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/acae8d	journal	February 2023
The Eighteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Targeting and First Spectra from SDSS-V Almeida, Andrés; Anderson, Scott F.; Argudo-Fernández, Maria The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 267, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/acda98	journal	August 2023
The Intermediate r-process in Core-collapse Supernovae Driven by the Magneto-rotational Instability Nishimura (西村信, N.; Sawai (澤井秀, H.; Takiwaki (滝脇知, T. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 836, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa5dee	journal	February 2017
Chemical Abundances of Hydrostatic and Explosive Alpha-elements in Sagittarius Stream Stars Carlin, Jeffrey L.; Sheffield, Allyson A.; Cunha, Katia The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 859, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aac3d8	journal	May 2018
Parallax Systematics and Photocenter Motions of Benchmark Eclipsing Binaries in Gaia EDR3 Stassun, Keivan G.; Torres, Guillermo The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 907, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abdaad	journal	January 2021
Zero-metallicity Hypernova Uncovered by an Ultra-metal-poor Star in the Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy* Skúladóttir, Ása; Salvadori, Stefania; Amarsi, Anish M. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 915, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac0dc2	journal	July 2021
Is Thermohaline Mixing the Full Story? Evidence for Separate Mixing Events near the Red Giant Branch Bump Tayar, Jamie; Joyce, Meridith The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 935, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac85ab	journal	August 2022
Supernova-driven Turbulent Metal Mixing in High-redshift Galactic Disks: Metallicity Fluctuations in the Interstellar Medium and its Imprints on Metal-poor Stars in the Milky Way Kolborg, Anne Noer; Martizzi, Davide; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 936, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac8c98	journal	September 2022
Production of ⁴⁴Ti and Iron-group Nuclei in the Ejecta of 3D Neutrino-driven Supernovae Sieverding, Andre; Kresse, Daniel; Janka, Hans-Thomas The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 957, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad045b	journal	November 2023
seaborn: v0.7.0 (January 2016) Waskom, Michael; Botvinnik, Olga; O'kane, Drew https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.45133	software	January 2016
adrn/gala: v1.6.1 Price-Whelan, Adrian; Sipőcz, Brigitta; Wagg, Tom https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7299506	software	November 2022

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