A Review of Rattlesnake Venoms

Phan, Phuc; Deshwal, Anant; McMahon, Tyler Anthony; Slikas, Matthew; Andrews, Elodie; Becker, Brian; Kumar, Thallapuranam Krishnaswamy Suresh

doi:10.3390/toxins16010002

Title: A Review of Rattlesnake Venoms

Journal Article · 19 December 2023 · Toxins

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16010002 · OSTI ID:2246681

;

; Slikas, Matthew;

; Becker, Brian; Kumar, Thallapuranam Krishnaswamy Suresh

Venom components are invaluable in biomedical research owing to their specificity and potency. Many of these components exist in two genera of rattlesnakes, Crotalus and Sistrurus, with high toxicity and proteolytic activity variation. This review focuses on venom components within rattlesnakes, and offers a comparison and itemized list of factors dictating venom composition, as well as presenting their known characteristics, activities, and significant applications in biosciences. There are 64 families and subfamilies of proteins present in Crotalus and Sistrurus venom. Snake venom serine proteases (SVSP), snake venom metalloproteases (SVMP), and phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are the standard components in Crotalus and Sistrurus venom. Through this review, we highlight gaps in the knowledge of rattlesnake venom; there needs to be more information on the venom composition of three Crotalus species and one Sistrurus subspecies. We discuss the activity and importance of both major and minor components in biomedical research and drug development.

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Research Organization:: University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Institutes of Health (NIH); USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-01ER15161

OSTI ID:: 2246681

Journal Information:: Toxins, Journal Name: Toxins Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 16; ISSN 2072-6651; ISSN TOXIB7

Publisher:: MDPI AGCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Switzerland

Language:: English

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Unraveling the antifungal activity of a South American rattlesnake toxin crotamine Yamane, Erica S.; Bizerra, Fernando C.; Oliveira, Eduardo B. Biochimie, Vol. 95, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.019	journal	February 2013
Disintegrins of Crotalus simus tzabcan venom: Isolation, characterization and evaluation of the cytotoxic and anti-adhesion activities of tzabcanin, a new RGD disintegrin Saviola, Anthony J.; Modahl, Cassandra M.; Mackessy, Stephen P. Biochimie, Vol. 116 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2015.07.005	journal	September 2015
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Purification and characterization of a cysteine-rich secretory protein from Philodryas patagoniensis snake venom Peichoto, María E.; Mackessy, Stephen P.; Teibler, Pamela Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, Vol. 150, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.03.002	journal	July 2009
Purification and characterization of tenerplasminin-1, a serine peptidase inhibitor with antiplasmin activity from the coral snake ( Micrurus tener tener ) venom Vivas, Jeilyn; Ibarra, Carlos; Salazar, Ana M. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, Vol. 179 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.09.009	journal	January 2016
Rattling the border wall: Pathophysiological implications of functional and proteomic venom variation between Mexican and US subspecies of the desert rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus Dobson, James; Yang, Daryl C.; op den Brouw, Bianca Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, Vol. 205 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.10.008	journal	February 2018
Disintegrin, hemorrhagic, and proteolytic activities of Mohave rattlesnake, Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus venoms lacking Mojave toxin Sánchez, Elda E.; Galán, Jacob A.; Powell, Randy L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, Vol. 141, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2005.04.001	journal	June 2005
A novel synthetic peptide inspired on Lys49 phospholipase A 2 from Crotalus oreganus abyssus snake venom active against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates Almeida, José R.; Mendes, Bruno; Lancellotti, Marcelo European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 149 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.055	journal	April 2018
Crystal structures of catrocollastatin/VAP2B reveal a dynamic, modular architecture of ADAM/adamalysin/reprolysin family proteins Igarashi, Tomoko; Araki, Satohiko; Mori, Hidezo FEBS Letters, Vol. 581, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2007.04.057	journal	April 2007
Structural basis of coagulation factor V recognition for cleavage by RVV-V Nakayama, Daisuke; Ben Ammar, Youssef; Miyata, Toshiyuki FEBS Letters, Vol. 585, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2011.08.022	journal	August 2011
Molecular evolution of PIII-SVMP and RGD disintegrin genes from the genus Crotalus Soto, Julio G.; White, Stephanie A.; Reyes, Steven R. Gene, Vol. 389, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2006.09.020	journal	March 2007
Biochemical and functional characterization of a C-type lectin (BpLec) from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom Castanheira, Letícia Eulálio; Nunes, Débora Cristina de Oliveira; Cardoso, Thomaz Monteiro International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Vol. 54 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.11.018	journal	March 2013
The disintegrin tzabcanin inhibits adhesion and migration in melanoma and lung cancer cells Saviola, Anthony J.; Burns, Patrick D.; Mukherjee, Ashis K. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Vol. 88 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.008	journal	July 2016
Natriuretic peptide based therapeutics for heart failure: Cenderitide: A novel first-in-class designer natriuretic peptide Ichiki, Tomoko; Dzhoyashvili, Nina; Burnett, John C. International Journal of Cardiology, Vol. 281 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.06.002	journal	April 2019
Jararhagin-C, a disintegrin-like protein, improves wound healing in mice through stimulation of M2-like macrophage, angiogenesis and collagen deposition Ferreira, Bruno Antonio; De Moura, Francyelle Borges Rosa; Tomiosso, Tatiana Carla International Immunopharmacology, Vol. 101 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108224	journal	December 2021
Design, Synthesis, and Actions of a Novel Chimeric Natriuretic Peptide: CD-NP Lisy, Ondrej; Huntley, Brenda K.; McCormick, Daniel J. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Vol. 52, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.02.077	journal	July 2008
Two-step chromatographic method for separation and purification of nerve growth factor from venom of Chinese cobra Bian, Liu-jiao; Wu, Peng; Yang, Xiao-yan Journal of Chromatography B, Vol. 805, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.02.030	journal	June 2004
Crystal Structure of a CRISP Family Ca2+-channel Blocker Derived from Snake Venom Shikamoto, Yasuo; Suto, Kyoko; Yamazaki, Yasuo Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 350, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2005.05.020	journal	July 2005
Timeline of key events in snake venom metalloproteinase research Fox, Jay W.; Serrano, Solange M. T. Journal of Proteomics, Vol. 72, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2009.01.015	journal	March 2009
Snake venomics and antivenomics of Crotalus durissus subspecies from Brazil: Assessment of geographic variation and its implication on snakebite management Boldrini-França, Johara; Corrêa-Netto, Carlos; Silva, Marliete M. S. Journal of Proteomics, Vol. 73, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2010.06.001	journal	August 2010
Key events in microvascular damage induced by snake venom hemorrhagic metalloproteinases Escalante, Teresa; Rucavado, Alexandra; Fox, Jay W. Journal of Proteomics, Vol. 74, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.026	journal	August 2011
Proteomic analysis of ontogenetic and diet-related changes in venom composition of juvenile and adult Dusky Pigmy rattlesnakes (Sistrurus miliarius barbouri) Gibbs, H. Lisle; Sanz, Libia; Chiucchi, James E. Journal of Proteomics, Vol. 74, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2011.06.013	journal	September 2011
Venom variability and envenoming severity outcomes of the Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (Mojave rattlesnake) from Southern Arizona Massey, Daniel J.; Calvete, Juan J.; Sánchez, Elda E. Journal of Proteomics, Vol. 75, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2012.02.035	journal	May 2012
Intraspecies variation in the venom of the rattlesnake Crotalus simus from Mexico: Different expression of crotoxin results in highly variable toxicity in the venoms of three subspecies Castro, Edgar Neri; Lomonte, Bruno; del Carmen Gutiérrez, María Journal of Proteomics, Vol. 87 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2013.05.024	journal	July 2013
Linking the transcriptome and proteome to characterize the venom of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) Margres, Mark J.; McGivern, James J.; Wray, Kenneth P. Journal of Proteomics, Vol. 96 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.001	journal	January 2014
Intraspecific venom variation in the medically significant Southern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri): Biodiscovery, clinical and evolutionary implications Sunagar, Kartik; Undheim, Eivind A. B.; Scheib, Holger Journal of Proteomics, Vol. 99 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2014.01.013	journal	March 2014
Comparative venomics of the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) from Colorado: Identification of a novel pattern of ontogenetic changes in venom composition and assessment of the immunoreactivity of the commercial antivenom CroFab® Saviola, Anthony J.; Pla, Davinia; Sanz, Libia Journal of Proteomics, Vol. 121 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.015	journal	May 2015
Proteomic, toxicological and immunogenic characterization of Mexican west-coast rattlesnake ( Crotalus basiliscus ) venom and its immunological relatedness with the venom of Central American rattlesnake ( Crotalus simus ) Segura, Álvaro; Herrera, María; Reta Mares, Francisco Journal of Proteomics, Vol. 158 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2017.02.015	journal	March 2017
Proteomic analysis reveals rattlesnake venom modulation of proteins associated with cardiac tissue damage in mouse hearts Santos, W. S.; Montoni, Fabio; Eichler, R. A. S. Journal of Proteomics, Vol. 258 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104530	journal	April 2022
Knockdown of secretory phospholipase A2 IIa reduces lung cancer growth in vitro and in vivo Yu, Jessica A.; Mauchley, David; Li, Howard The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Vol. 144, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.08.003	journal	November 2012
Comparative thermal ecology parameters of the mexican dusky rattlesnake (Crotalus triseriatus) Jaramillo-Alba, José L.; Díaz de la Vega-Pérez, Aníbal H.; Bucio-Jiménez, Luis E. Journal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 92 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102695	journal	August 2020
PIVL, a new serine protease inhibitor from Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea venom, impairs motility of human glioblastoma cells Morjen, Maram; Kallech-ziri, Olfa; Bazaa, Amine Matrix Biology, Vol. 32, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matbio.2012.11.015	journal	January 2013
Evaluation of the genotoxicity of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom and its isolated toxins on human lymphocytes Marcussi, Silvana; Santos, Paulo R. S.; Menaldo, Danilo L. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol. 724, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.06.004	journal	September 2011
Nerve growth factor-induced up-regulation of cytosolic phospholipase A2α level in rat PC12 cells Akiyama, Nobuteru; Hatori, Yoshio; Takashiro, Yuko Neuroscience Letters, Vol. 365, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.05.001	journal	July 2004
Vascular effects and electrolyte homeostasis of the natriuretic peptide isolated from Crotalus oreganus abyssus (North American Grand Canyon rattlesnake) venom Da Silva, S. L.; Dias-Junior, C. A.; Baldasso, P. A. Peptides, Vol. 36, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2012.05.005	journal	August 2012
Bradykinin-potentiating PEPTIDE-10C, an argininosuccinate synthetase activator, protects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells Querobino, Samyr Machado; Ribeiro, César Augusto João; Alberto-Silva, Carlos Peptides, Vol. 103 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2018.03.017	journal	May 2018
Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide is the most potent natriuretic peptide to cause relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter Huang, Shih-Che Regulatory Peptides, Vol. 167, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regpep.2011.02.007	journal	April 2011
Isolation and characterization of two disintegrins inhibiting ADP-induced human platelet aggregation from the venom of Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (Mohave Rattlesnake) Sánchez, Elda E.; Galán, Jacob A.; Russell, William K. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 212, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2005.07.004	journal	April 2006
Neuromuscular paralysis by the basic phospholipase A 2 subunit of crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom needs its acid chaperone to concurrently inhibit acetylcholine release and produce muscle blockage Cavalcante, Walter L. G.; Noronha-Matos, José B.; Timóteo, Maria A. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 334 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2017.08.021	journal	November 2017
Anti-platelet effect of cumanastatin 1, a disintegrin isolated from venom of South American Crotalus rattlesnake Da Silva, Manuel; Lucena, Sara; Aguilar, Irma Thrombosis Research, Vol. 123, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2008.08.001	journal	March 2009
The effect of different snake venoms and anti-venoms on thrombin clotting time in human plasma Buschek, S.; Ignjatovic, V.; Summerhayes, R. Thrombosis Research, Vol. 125, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2009.10.020	journal	April 2010
Structure and function of snake venom cysteine-rich secretory proteins Yamazaki, Yasuo; Morita, Takashi Toxicon, Vol. 44, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.05.023	journal	September 2004
Structures and functions of snake venom CLPs (C-type lectin-like proteins) with anticoagulant-, procoagulant-, and platelet-modulating activities Morita, Takashi Toxicon, Vol. 45, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.02.021	journal	June 2005
Snake venom disintegrins: evolution of structure and function Calvete, Juan J.; Marcinkiewicz, Cezary; Monleón, Daniel Toxicon, Vol. 45, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.02.024	journal	June 2005
Snake venom fibrin(ogen)olytic enzymes Swenson, S.; Markland, F. S. Toxicon, Vol. 45, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.02.027	journal	June 2005
New view on crotamine, a small basic polypeptide myotoxin from South American rattlesnake venom Oguiura, N.; Boni-Mitake, M.; Rádis-Baptista, G. Toxicon, Vol. 46, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.06.009	journal	September 2005
Automated NMR structure determination and disulfide bond identification of the myotoxin crotamine from Crotalus durissus terrificus Fadel, Valmir; Bettendorff, Pascal; Herrmann, Torsten Toxicon, Vol. 46, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.07.018	journal	December 2005
Venom of the Brown Treesnake, Boiga irregularis: Ontogenetic shifts and taxa-specific toxicity Mackessy, Stephen P.; Sixberry, Nicole M.; Heyborne, William H. Toxicon, Vol. 47, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.01.007	journal	April 2006
Structure–function inferences based on molecular modeling, sequence-based methods and biological data analysis of snake venom lectins Abreu, Paula Alvarez; Albuquerque, Magaly Girão; Rodrigues, Carlos Rangel Toxicon, Vol. 48, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.08.006	journal	November 2006
Inhibition of lung tumor colonization and cell migration with the disintegrin crotatroxin 2 isolated from the venom of Crotalus atrox Galán, Jacob A.; Sánchez, Elda E.; Rodríguez-Acosta, Alexis Toxicon, Vol. 51, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.02.004	journal	June 2008
Hemorrhagic activity of the vascular apoptosis-inducing proteins VAP1 and VAP2 from Crotalus atrox Kikushima, Eiichi; Nakamura, Shiho; Oshima, Yasunori Toxicon, Vol. 52, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.06.027	journal	September 2008
Cytotoxic effects of crotamine are mediated through lysosomal membrane permeabilization Hayashi, Mirian A. F.; Nascimento, Fábio D.; Kerkis, Alexandre Toxicon, Vol. 52, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.06.029	journal	September 2008
Renal and vascular effects of the natriuretic peptide isolated from Crotalus durissus cascavella venom Evangelista, Janaina S. A. M.; Martins, Alice M. C.; Nascimento, Nilberto R. F. Toxicon, Vol. 52, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.08.014	journal	December 2008
Biochemical and biological characterization of a PLA2 from crotoxin complex of Crotalus durissus cumanensis Pereañez, Jaime Andrés; Núñez, Vitelbina; Huancahuire-Vega, Salomón Toxicon, Vol. 53, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.021	journal	April 2009
Functional basis of a molecular adaptation: Prey-specific toxic effects of venom from Sistrurus rattlesnakes Gibbs, H. Lisle; Mackessy, Stephen P. Toxicon, Vol. 53, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.034	journal	May 2009
Evolutionary trends in venom composition in the Western Rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis sensu lato): Toxicity vs. tenderizers Mackessy, Stephen P. Toxicon, Vol. 55, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.02.028	journal	July 2010
Snaclecs (snake C-type lectins) that inhibit or activate platelets by binding to receptors Clemetson, Kenneth J. Toxicon, Vol. 56, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.011	journal	December 2010
Natriuretic peptide drug leads from snake venom Vink, S.; Jin, A. H.; Poth, K. J. Toxicon, Vol. 59, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.12.001	journal	March 2012
A high-throughput venom-gland transcriptome for the Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) and evidence for pervasive positive selection across toxin classes Rokyta, Darin R.; Wray, Kenneth P.; Lemmon, Alan R. Toxicon, Vol. 57, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.01.008	journal	April 2011
Molecular diversity of snake venom nerve growth factors Trummal, Katrin; Tõnismägi, Külli; Paalme, Viiu Toxicon, Vol. 58, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.07.005	journal	September 2011
BJcuL, a lectin purified from Bothrops jararacussu venom, induces apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cells accompanied by inhibition of cell adhesion and actin cytoskeleton disassembly Nolte, Stefanie; de Castro Damasio, Danusa; Baréa, Adriana Cristina Toxicon, Vol. 59, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.10.012	journal	January 2012
Recombinant rubistatin (r-Rub), an MVD disintegrin, inhibits cell migration and proliferation, and is a strong apoptotic inducer of the human melanoma cell line SK-Mel-28 Carey, Clayton M.; Bueno, Raymund; Gutierrez, Daniel A. Toxicon, Vol. 59, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.12.002	journal	February 2012
Cytotoxic effect and apoptosis induction by Bothrops leucurus venom lectin on tumor cell lines Nunes, Erika S.; Souza, Mary A. A.; Vaz, Antônio F. M. Toxicon, Vol. 59, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.002	journal	June 2012
Batroxase, a new metalloproteinase from B. atrox snake venom with strong fibrinolytic activity Cintra, A. C. O.; De Toni, L. G. B.; Sartim, M. A. Toxicon, Vol. 60, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.018	journal	July 2012
44. Leishmanicidal Effects of a Phospholipase A2 Isolated from Crotalus viridis viridis Snake Venom Adade, Camila M.; Anne Cristine, S. Fernandes; Ana Lúcia, O. Carvalho Toxicon, Vol. 60, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.04.045	journal	August 2012
Snake venom metalloproteinases Markland, Francis S.; Swenson, Stephen Toxicon, Vol. 62 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.09.004	journal	February 2013
Non-enzymatic proteins from snake venoms: A gold mine of pharmacological tools and drug leads McCleary, Ryan J. R.; Kini, R. Manjunatha Toxicon, Vol. 62 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.09.008	journal	February 2013
A brief review of the scientific history of several lesser-known snake venom proteins: l-amino acid oxidases, hyaluronidases and phosphodiesterases Fox, Jay W. Toxicon, Vol. 62 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.09.009	journal	February 2013
Cloning and characterization of an antibacterial l-amino acid oxidase from Crotalus durissus cumanensis venom Vargas, Leidy Johana; Quintana, Juan Carlos; Pereañez, Jaime Andrés Toxicon, Vol. 64 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.11.027	journal	March 2013
cDNA cloning of a snake venom metalloproteinase from the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus), and the expression of its disintegrin domain with anti-platelet effects Suntravat, Montamas; Jia, Ying; Lucena, Sara E. Toxicon, Vol. 64 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.12.025	journal	March 2013
Phylogenetic analysis of β-defensin-like genes of Bothrops, Crotalus and Lachesis snakes Correa, Poliana G.; Oguiura, Nancy Toxicon, Vol. 69 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.02.013	journal	July 2013
Comparison of venom composition and biological activities of the subspecies Crotalus lepidus lepidus, Crotalus lepidus klauberi and Crotalus lepidus morulus from Mexico Martínez-Romero, Gerardo; Rucavado, Alexandra; Lazcano, David Toxicon, Vol. 71 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.05.006	journal	September 2013
Isolation, homology modeling and renal effects of a C-type natriuretic peptide from the venom of the Brazilian yellow scorpion (Tityus serrulatus) Alves, Renata S.; Ximenes, Rafael M.; Jorge, Antonio R. C. Toxicon, Vol. 74 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.016	journal	November 2013
Anti-angiogenic activities of two recombinant disintegrins derived from the Mohave and Prairie rattlesnakes Lucena, Sara E.; Romo, Karen; Suntravat, Montamas Toxicon, Vol. 78 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.11.005	journal	February 2014
A new structurally atypical bradykinin-potentiating peptide isolated from Crotalus durissus cascavella venom (South American rattlesnake) Lopes, Denise M.; Junior, Norberto E. G.; Costa, Paula P. C. Toxicon, Vol. 90 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.07.011	journal	November 2014
The lectin BJcuL induces apoptosis through TRAIL expression, caspase cascade activation and mitochondrial membrane permeability in a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Damasio, Danusa de Castro; Nolte, Stefanie; Polak, Leonardo Puchetti Toxicon, Vol. 90 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.062	journal	November 2014
Identification of crotamine in the venom of Crotalus durissus collilineatus by three different methods de Oliveira, Sayonara Ay More; Magalhães, Marta Regina; Salazar, Vania Cristina Rodríguez Toxicon, Vol. 95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.12.015	journal	March 2015
Neuromuscular effects of venoms and crotoxin-like proteins from Crotalus durissus ruruima and Crotalus durissus cumanensis Cavalcante, Walter Luís Garrido; Ponce-Soto, Luis Alberto; Marangoni, Sérgio Toxicon, Vol. 96 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.01.006	journal	March 2015
The transcriptomic and proteomic basis for the evolution of a novel venom phenotype within the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) Rokyta, Darin R.; Wray, Kenneth P.; McGivern, James J. Toxicon, Vol. 98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.02.015	journal	May 2015
Isolation and characterisation of insulin-releasing compounds from Crotalus adamanteus, Crotalus vegrandis and Bitis nasicornis venom Moore, Sara W. M.; Bhat, Vikas K.; Flatt, Peter R. Toxicon, Vol. 101 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.05.002	journal	July 2015
Biological characterization of the Amazon coral Micrurus spixii snake venom: Isolation of a new neurotoxic phospholipase A2 Terra, Angelo L. C.; Moreira-Dill, Leandro S.; Simões-Silva, Rodrigo Toxicon, Vol. 103 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.011	journal	September 2015
Proteomic analysis of the rare Uracoan rattlesnake Crotalus vegrandis venom: Evidence of a broad arsenal of toxins Viala, Vincent Louis; Hildebrand, Diana; Fucase, Tamara Mieco Toxicon, Vol. 107 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.023	journal	December 2015
Identification and molecular characterization of five putative toxins from the venom gland of the snake Philodryas chamissonis (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) Urra, Félix A.; Pulgar, Rodrigo; Gutiérrez, Ricardo Toxicon, Vol. 108 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.032	journal	December 2015
Biochemical and functional studies of ColTx-I, a new myotoxic phospholipase A2 isolated from Crotalus oreganus lutosus (Great Basin rattlesnake) snake venom Almeida, J. R.; Resende, L. M.; Silva, A. G. Toxicon, Vol. 117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.03.008	journal	July 2016
The effects of hybridization on divergent venom phenotypes: Characterization of venom from Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus × Crotalus oreganus helleri hybrids Smith, Cara Francesca; Mackessy, Stephen P. Toxicon, Vol. 120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.08.001	journal	September 2016
CoaTx-II, a new dimeric Lys49 phospholipase A2 from Crotalus oreganus abyssus snake venom with bactericidal potential: Insights into its structure and biological roles Almeida, J. R.; Lancellotti, M.; Soares, A. M. Toxicon, Vol. 120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.08.007	journal	September 2016
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