DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: The solenoidal large intensity device (SoLID) for JLab 12 GeV

Journal Article · · Journal of Physics. G, Nuclear and Particle Physics

The solenoidal large intensity device (SoLID) is a new experimental apparatus planned for Hall A at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab). SoLID will combine large angular and momentum acceptance with the capability to handle very high data rates at high luminosity. With a slate of approved high-impact physics experiments, SoLID will push JLab to a new limit at the QCD intensity frontier that will exploit the full potential of its 12 GeV electron beam. In this paper, we present an overview of the rich physics program that can be realized with SoLID, which encompasses the tomography of the nucleon in 3D momentum space from semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering, expanding the phase space in the search for new physics and novel hadronic effects in parity-violating DIS, a precision measurement of J/ψ production at threshold that probes the gluon field and its contribution to the proton mass, tomography of the nucleon in combined coordinate and momentum space with deep exclusive reactions, and more. To meet the challenging requirements, the design of SoLID described here takes full advantage of recent progress in detector, data acquisition and computing technologies. In addition, we outline potential experiments beyond the currently approved program and discuss the physics that could be explored should upgrades of CEBAF become a reality in the future.

Research Organization:
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States); Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Office of Workforce Development for Teachers & Scientists (WDTS)
Contributing Organization:
Jefferson Lab SoLID Collaboration
Grant/Contract Number:
AC05-06OR23177; AC02-06CH11357; FG02-03ER41231; FG02-96ER40988; FG02-84ER40146; FG02-94ER40844; SC0016577; SC0014434; AC02-05CH11231
OSTI ID:
2228806
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 2283377; OSTI ID: 2404855
Report Number(s):
JLAB-PHY-23-3976; arXiv:2209.13357; DOE/OR/23177-7307; TRN: US2407396
Journal Information:
Journal of Physics. G, Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 50, Issue 11; ISSN 0954-3899
Publisher:
IOP PublishingCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (160)

Fragmentation of transversely polarized quarks probed in transverse momentum distributions journal May 1993
The complete tree-level result up to order 1/Q for polarized deep-inelastic leptoproduction journal February 1996
Detailed study of the nuclear dependence of the EMC effect and short-range correlations journal December 2012
Strange-Quark Contributions to Parity-Violating Asymmetries in the Forward G0 Electron-Proton Scattering Experiment journal August 2005
Ab Initio Determination of Light Hadron Masses journal November 2008
QCD analysis of near-threshold photon-proton production of heavy quarkonium journal May 2021
New Measurements of the Beam-Normal Single Spin Asymmetry in Elastic Electron Scattering over a Range of Spin-0 Nuclei journal April 2022
Short-range correlations and their implications for isospin-dependent modification of nuclear quark distributions journal January 2016
Nucleon and Nuclear Structure Through Dilepton Production journal January 2018
GEM: A new concept for electron amplification in gas detectors journal February 1997
Charge Asymmetry of Parton Distributions journal June 1994
Search for a two-photon exchange contribution to inclusive deep-inelastic scattering journal May 2011
Implications of the strange spin of the nucleon for the neutron electric dipole moment in supersymmetric theories journal June 1996
Theory of deeply virtual Compton scattering on the nucleon journal May 2002
Role of the Soffer bound in determination of transversity and the tensor charge journal April 2020
Measurement of double-spin asymmetries associated with deeply virtual Compton scattering on a transversely polarized hydrogen target journal October 2011
Deeply virtual Compton scattering journal June 1997
Near threshold J / ψ and ϒ photoproduction at JLab and RHIC journal July 2019
Examination of higher-order twist contributions in parity-violating deep-inelastic electron-deuteron scattering journal December 2010
FLAG Review 2019: Flavour Lattice Averaging Group (FLAG) journal February 2020
Gauge-Invariant Decomposition of Nucleon Spin journal January 1997
Nuclear Corrections in Neutrino-Nucleus Deep Inelastic Scattering and their Compatibility with Global Nuclear Parton-Distribution-Function Analyses journal March 2011
Precision measurement of the weak charge of the proton journal May 2018
Transverse polarisation of quarks in hadrons journal March 2002
Isovector EMC Effect from Global QCD Analysis with MARATHON Data journal December 2021
Exclusive Electroproduction of Lepton Pairs as a Probe of Nucleon Structure journal January 2003
Single Spin Asymmetries in Charged Pion Production from Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering on a Transversely Polarized He 3 Target at Q 2 = 1.4 – 2.7     GeV 2 journal August 2011
Nucleon tensor charges and electric dipole moments journal April 2015
A realistic design of the CBM-TOF wall based on modules commissioned in-beam journal October 2012
Weak Polarized Electron Scattering journal October 2014
First Determination of the Weak Charge of the Proton journal October 2013
Cross Sections for the Exclusive Photon Electroproduction on the Proton and Generalized Parton Distributions journal November 2015
Accessing weak neutral-current coupling $$g_{AA}^{eq}$$ using positron and electron beams at Jefferson Lab journal May 2021
Beam-helicity and beam-charge asymmetries associated with deeply virtual Compton scattering on the unpolarised proton journal July 2012
The P2 experiment: A future high-precision measurement of the weak mixing angle at low momentum transfer journal November 2018
Non-Lagrangian Models of Current Algebra journal March 1969
An attempt to understand exclusive π + electroproduction journal November 2009
Recent developments in Geant4
  • Allison, J.; Amako, K.; Apostolakis, J.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 835 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.06.125
journal November 2016
QCD and resonance physics. theoretical foundations journal February 1979
Experimental constraint on quark electric dipole moments journal April 2018
Measurement of the Nucleon F 2 n / F 2 p Structure Function Ratio by the Jefferson Lab MARATHON Tritium/Helium-3 Deep Inelastic Scattering Experiment journal March 2022
Measurement of Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering Beam-Spin Asymmetries journal April 2008
Remarks on Higgs-boson interactions with nucleons journal October 1978
Measurement of the Beam-Spin Azimuthal Asymmetry Associated with Deeply-Virtual Compton Scattering journal October 2001
Beam Spin Asymmetry in Semi-Inclusive Electroproduction of Hadron Pairs journal February 2021
Possible Tests of C st and T st Invariances in l ± + N → l ± + Γ and A → B + e + + e − journal March 1966
Separation of Quark Flavors Using Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering Data journal December 2020
E00-110 experiment at Jefferson Lab Hall A: Deeply virtual Compton scattering off the proton at 6 GeV journal November 2015
Single-spin asymmetries in inclusive deep inelastic scattering and multiparton correlations in the nucleon journal November 2012
Electron-ion collider impact study on the tensor charge of the nucleon journal May 2021
High-precision measurement of the W boson mass with the CDF II detector journal April 2022
Transverse target spin asymmetry in inclusive DIS with two-photon exchange journal January 2008
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors: physics and applications journal April 2012
First Measurement of Timelike Compton Scattering journal December 2021
Perturbative QCD analysis of near threshold heavy quarkonium photoproduction at large momentum transfer journal November 2021
Transverse single spin asymmetries in inclusive deep-inelastic scattering journal December 2006
Transverse spin effects in hard semi-inclusive collisions journal September 2020
Nuclear-mass dependence of azimuthal beam-helicity and beam-charge asymmetries in deeply virtual Compton scattering journal March 2010
Nucleon axial, tensor, and scalar charges and σ -terms in lattice QCD journal September 2020
Hard exclusive reactions and the structure of hadrons journal January 2001
Measurement of two-photon exchange effect by comparing elastic e ± p cross sections journal June 2017
Sum rules for spin-dependent electroproduction- test of relativistic constituent quarks journal December 1977
Constraints on the dark photon from parity violation and the W mass journal September 2022
Physics with CEBAF at 12 GeV and future opportunities journal November 2022
The spin structure of the nucleon journal June 2019
Quark Wigner distributions and orbital angular momentum journal July 2011
Origin of single transverse-spin asymmetries in high-energy collisions journal September 2020
Measurement of Azimuthal Asymmetries in Inclusive Production of Hadron Pairs in e + e − Annihilation at Belle journal June 2006
Electric dipole moments as probes of new physics journal July 2005
Measurement of parity-violating asymmetry in electron-deuteron inelastic scattering journal April 2015
Leptophobic U(1)'s and the R b − R c anomalies journal October 1996
Gluon gravitational structure of hadrons of different spin journal March 2022
Photoproduction of the ψ ( 3100 ) Meson at 11 GeV journal December 1975
Sensitivity of Parity-Violating Electron Scattering to a Dark Photon journal July 2022
Beam-charge azimuthal asymmetry and deeply virtual Compton scattering journal January 2007
Disentangling Standard Model EFT operators with future low-energy parity-violating electron scattering experiments journal July 2021
Extraction of the higher-twist parton distribution e(x) from CLAS data journal July 2022
Isovector charges of the nucleon from 2 + 1 + 1 -flavor lattice QCD journal August 2018
QCD and resonance physics. applications journal February 1979
Unveiling the nucleon tensor charge at Jefferson Lab: A study of the SoLID case journal April 2017
Updated QCD global analysis of single transverse-spin asymmetries: Extracting H˜ , and the role of the Soffer bound and lattice QCD journal August 2022
Unraveling hadron structure with generalized parton distributions journal October 2005
Mass radius of the proton journal September 2021
Di-hadron fragmentation and mapping of the nucleon structure journal June 2016
Chiral-odd parton distributions and polarized Drell-Yan process journal July 1991
Measurement of the Two-Photon Exchange Contribution to the Elastic e ± p Scattering Cross Sections at the VEPP-3 Storage Ring journal February 2015
Strange Quark Contributions to Parity-Violating Asymmetries in the Backward Angle G0 Electron Scattering Experiment journal January 2010
Diffractive photoproduction of J / ψ and ϒ using holographic QCD: Gravitational form factors and GPD of gluons in the proton journal April 2020
First Extraction of Transversity from a Global Analysis of Electron-Proton and Proton-Proton Data journal May 2018
A prototype of a high rating MRPC journal April 2009
Constraints on large- x parton distributions from new weak boson production and deep-inelastic scattering data journal June 2016
Generalized parton distributions in the valence region from deeply virtual compton scattering journal May 2013
Scaling Tests of the Cross Section for Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering journal December 2006
Double deeply virtual Compton scattering with positron beams at SoLID journal July 2021
Performance study of a real-size mosaic high-rate MRPC journal June 2018
Measurement of the Target-Normal Single-Spin Asymmetry in Deep-Inelastic Scattering from the Reaction He 3 ↑ ( e , e ′ ) X journal July 2014
Short Range Correlations and the EMC Effect journal February 2011
A MRPC prototype for SOLID-TOF in JLab journal March 2013
J/ψ near threshold in holographic QCD: A and D gravitational form factors journal October 2022
Hard Two-Photon Contribution to Elastic Lepton-Proton Scattering Determined by the OLYMPUS Experiment journal March 2017
Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering journal March 2022
On the analysis of lepton scattering on longitudinally or transversely polarized protons journal June 2005
Hard exclusive pseudoscalar meson electroproduction and spin structure of the nucleon journal June 1999
Double Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering off the Nucleon journal January 2003
The CLEO II detector
  • Kubota, Y.; Nelson, J. K.; Perticone, D.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 320, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(92)90770-5
journal August 1992
Return of the EMC effect journal December 2001
Electroweak asymmetry in deep inelastic muon-nucleon scattering journal January 1983
Parton distribution function nuclear corrections for charged lepton and neutrino deep inelastic scattering processes journal November 2009
Partonic description of the transverse target single-spin asymmetry in inclusive deep-inelastic scattering journal February 2013
Combined QED and QCD radiative effects in deep inelastic lepton-proton scattering: the Monte Carlo generator DJANGO6 journal July 1994
Transverse spin structure of the nucleon through target single-spin asymmetry in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic (e, e’ $ \pi^{\pm}_{}$ ) reaction at Jefferson Lab journal January 2011
An experimental program with high duty-cycle polarized and unpolarized positron beams at Jefferson Lab journal August 2021
Impact parameter dependent parton distributions and off-forward parton distributions for ζ→0 journal September 2000
Measurement of parity violation in electron–quark scattering journal February 2014
Renormalons in exclusive meson electroproduction conference January 2004
Low Q 2 weak mixing angle measurements and rare Higgs decays journal September 2015
Further measurements of parity non-conservation in inelastic electron scattering journal July 1979
Parton fragmentation functions journal November 2016
Valence Quark Ratio in the Proton journal April 2022
Gluon gravitational form factors of the nucleon and the pion from lattice QCD journal January 2019
Effects of transversity in deep-inelastic scattering by polarized protons journal September 2010
First Measurement of Near-Threshold J / ψ Exclusive Photoproduction off the Proton journal August 2019
Measurement of the beam-normal single-spin asymmetry for elastic electron scattering from C 12 and Al 27 journal July 2021
Ab initio calculation of the neutron-proton mass difference journal March 2015
Collins and Sivers asymmetries in muonproduction of pions and kaons off transversely polarised protons journal May 2015
Testing the Standard Model by Precision Measurement of the Weak Charges of Quarks journal September 2007
Contact-interaction Faddeev equation and, inter alia , proton tensor charges journal December 2015
Beam-Target Double-Spin Asymmetry A LT in Charged Pion Production from Deep Inelastic Scattering on a Transversely Polarized He 3 Target at 1.4 < Q 2 < 2.7     GeV 2 journal January 2012
Studies of relative gain and timing response of fine-mesh photomultiplier tubes in high magnetic fields
  • Sulkosky, V.; Allison, L.; Barber, C.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 827 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.04.111
journal August 2016
The CLEO II detector magnet: design, tests, and performance journal June 1990
Parity-Violating Deep Inelastic Scattering and the Flavor Dependence of the EMC Effect journal October 2012
Measurements of the proton and deuteron spin structure functions g 1 and g 2 journal October 1998
Observation of a Narrow Pentaquark State, P c ( 4312 ) + , and of the Two-Peak Structure of the P c ( 4450 ) + journal June 2019
Parity non-conservation in inelastic electron scattering journal August 1978
Generalized parton distributions journal December 2003
Performance of photosensors in a high-rate environment for gas Cherenkov detectors journal August 2022
Semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering in Wandzura-Wilczek-type approximation journal June 2019
Holographic J / ψ production near threshold and the proton mass problem journal October 2018
Time-reversal odd distribution functions in leptoproduction journal May 1998
Neutron Electric Dipole Moment from Beyond the Standard Model
  • Bhattacharya, Tanmoy; Cirigliano, Vincenzo; Gupta, Rajan
  • Proceedings of The 30th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory — PoS(Lattice 2012) https://doi.org/10.22323/1.164.0179
conference December 2012
Accurate Determination of the Neutron Skin Thickness of Pb 208 through Parity-Violation in Electron Scattering journal April 2021
A small proton charge radius from an electron–proton scattering experiment journal November 2019
Single-spin azimuthal asymmetry in exclusive electroproduction of π+ mesons on transversely polarized protons journal January 2010
Spin asymmetries A 1 and structure functions g 1 of the proton and the deuteron from polarized high energy muon scattering journal October 1998
Performance of triple GEM tracking detectors in the COMPASS experiment
  • Ketzer, B.; Weitzel, Q.; Paul, S.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 535, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(04)01668-7
journal December 2004
Muon g − 2 , rare kaon decays, and parity violation from dark bosons journal May 2014
Measurement of the Target-Normal Single-Spin Asymmetry in Quasielastic Scattering from the Reaction He 3 ↑ ( e , e ′   ) journal October 2015
Single spin asymmetries in charged kaon production from semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering on a transversely polarized He 3 target journal November 2014
Observation of J / ψ p Resonances Consistent with Pentaquark States in Λ b 0 → J / ψ K − p Decays journal August 2015
Charge symmetry violation corrections to determination of the Weinberg angle in neutrino reactions journal June 2003
Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering off the Neutron journal December 2007
Exclusive leptoproduction of real photons on a longitudinally polarised hydrogen target journal June 2010
Final analysis of proton form factor ratio data at Q 2 = 4.0 , 4.8, and 5.6 GeV 2 journal April 2012
Quark imaging in the proton via quantum phase-space distributions journal April 2004
Precise Determination of Electroweak Parameters in Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering journal February 2002
Multidimensional partial wave analysis of SIDIS dihadron beam spin asymmetries at CLAS12 journal July 2022
An improved Shashlyk calorimeter
  • Atoian, G. S.; Britvich, G. I.; Chernichenko, S. K.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 584, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.10.022
journal January 2008
Return of the EMC effect: Finite nuclei journal May 2002
R&D of a real-size mosaic MRPC within the framework of the CMS muon upgrade journal October 2019
Charge symmetry at the partonic level journal July 2010