Developing energy flexibility in clusters of buildings: A critical analysis of barriers from planning to operation

Le Dréau, Jérôme; Lopes, Rui Amaral; O'Connell, Sarah; Finn, Donal; Hu, Maomao; Queiroz, Humberto; Alexander, Dani; Satchwell, Andrew; Österreicher, Doris; Polly, Ben; Arteconi, Alessia; de Andrade Pereira, Flavia; Hall, Monika; Kırant-Mitić, Tuğçin; Cai, Hanmin; Johra, Hicham; Kazmi, Hussain; Li, Rongling; Liu, Aaron; Nespoli, Lorenzo; Saeed, Muhammad Hafeez

doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113608

Title: Developing energy flexibility in clusters of buildings: A critical analysis of barriers from planning to operation

Journal Article · 04 October 2023 · Energy and Buildings

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113608 · OSTI ID:2203225

Le Dréau, Jérôme ^[1]; Lopes, Rui Amaral ^[2]; O'Connell, Sarah ^[3];

^[4];

^[5];

^[2]; Alexander, Dani ^[6];

^[7];

^[8]; Polly, Ben ^[9]; Arteconi, Alessia ^[10]; de Andrade Pereira, Flavia ^[11];

^[12];

^[13]; Cai, Hanmin ^[14];

^[15]; Kazmi, Hussain ^[16];

^[17];

^[18];

^[19] more »

La Rochelle University (France)
Nova University, Lisbon (Portugal)
University College Cork (Ireland)
University College, Dublin (Ireland)
Stanford University, CA (United States)
University of Technology Sydney, Sydney (Australia); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (Austria)
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Katholieke University Leuven, Heverlee (Belgium); Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona (Italy)
University College, Dublin (Ireland); CARTIF Technology Centre, Boecillo (Spain)
University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Windisch (Switzerland)
Wuppertal University (Germany)
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (Empa), Dubendorf (Switzerland)
Aalborg University (Denmark)
Katholieke University Leuven, Heverlee (Belgium)
Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark)
Queensland Univeristy of Technology, Brisbane (Australia)
University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno (Switzerland)

This paper examines building energy flexibility at an aggregated level and addresses the main barriers and research gaps for the development of this resource across three design and development phases: market and policy, early planning and design, and operation. We review methodologies and tools and discuss barriers, challenges, and opportunities, incorporating policy, economic, technical, professional, and social perspectives. Although various legal and regulatory frameworks exist to foster the development of energy flexibility for small buildings, financing mechanisms are limited with a significant number of perceived risks undermining private investment. For the early planning and design phase, planners and designers lack appropriate tools and face interoperability challenges, which often results in insufficient consideration of demand response programs. The review of the operational phase highlighted the socio-technical challenges related to both the complexity of deployment and communication, as well as privacy and acceptability issues. Finally, the paper proposes a number of targeted research directions to address challenges and promote greater energy flexibility deployments, including capturing building demand side dynamics, improving baseline estimations and developing seamless connectivity between buildings and districts.

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Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Energy Efficiency Office. Building Technologies Office; Swiss Federal Office of Energy SFOE; Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO); KU Leuven; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI); European Union’s H2020; Danish Energy Agency; Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308; AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 2203225

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2323429

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA--5500-87702; {MainAdminID:70893,MainId:88477,UUID:c7f67771-c818-4b27-b861-72110e9fa910,"Journal ID: ISSN 0378-7788"}

Journal Information:: Energy and Buildings, Journal Name: Energy and Buildings Vol. 300; ISSN 0378-7788

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Data-driven key performance indicators and datasets for building energy flexibility: A review and perspectives Li, Han; Johra, Hicham; de Andrade Pereira, Flavia Applied Energy, Vol. 343 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121217	journal	August 2023
Stackelberg based optimal planning of DGs and electric vehicle parking lot by implementing demand response program salyani, Pouya; Abapour, Mehdi; Zare, Kazem Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 51 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101743	journal	November 2019
A fundamental unified framework to quantify and characterise energy flexibility of residential buildings with multiple electrical and thermal energy systems Bampoulas, Adamantios; Saffari, Mohammad; Pallonetto, Fabiano Applied Energy, Vol. 282 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116096	journal	January 2021
Co-simulation of innovative integrated HVAC systems in buildings Trčka, Marija; Hensen, Jan L. M.; Wetter, Michael Journal of Building Performance Simulation, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/19401490903051959	journal	September 2009
Demand-side flexibility in a residential district: What are the main sources of uncertainty? Martinez, S.; Vellei, M.; Le Dréau, J. Energy and Buildings, Vol. 255 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111595	journal	January 2022
Making sense of renewable energy: Practical knowledge, sensory feedback and household understandings in a Scottish island microgrid Martin, Rex Energy Research & Social Science, Vol. 66 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101501	journal	August 2020
Retail Rate Designs: Current Developments in the Industry [In My View] Satchwell, Andrew; Cappers, Peter; Barbose, Galen IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, Vol. 18, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2020.2971844	journal	May 2020
Semantic web technologies in AEC industry: A literature overview Pauwels, Pieter; Zhang, Sijie; Lee, Yong-Cheol Automation in Construction, Vol. 73 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2016.10.003	journal	January 2017
Energy demand flexibility in buildings and district heating systems – a literature review Luc, Katarzyna M.; Heller, Alfred; Rode, Carsten Advances in Building Energy Research, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2018.1488615	journal	June 2018
Demonstration of heating demand peak shaving in smart homes Beltram, Lucas; Christensen, Morten Herget; Li, Rongling Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1343, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1343/1/012055	journal	November 2019
Social implications of residential demand response in cool temperate climates Darby, Sarah J.; McKenna, Eoghan Energy Policy, Vol. 49 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.07.026	journal	October 2012
Measures to improve energy demand flexibility in buildings for demand response (DR): A review Chen, Yongbao; Xu, Peng; Gu, Jiefan Energy and Buildings, Vol. 177 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.08.003	journal	October 2018
Dispatch in Microgrids: Lessons from the Fort Collins Renewable and Distributed Systems Integration Demonstration Project Panwar, Mayank; Duggan, Gerald P.; Griffin, Robert T. The Electricity Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2012.09.011	journal	October 2012
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Metadata Schemas and Ontologies for Building Energy Applications: A Critical Review and Use Case Analysis Pritoni, Marco; Paine, Drew; Fierro, Gabriel Energies, Vol. 14, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/en14072024	journal	April 2021
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A case study on using district heating network flexibility for thermal load shifting Van Oevelen, Tijs; Scapino, Luca; Koussa, Jad Al Energy Reports, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.09.061	journal	October 2021
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A critical review of control schemes for demand-side energy management of building clusters Kaspar, Kathryn; Ouf, Mohamed; Eicker, Ursula Energy and Buildings, Vol. 257 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111731	journal	February 2022
Upscaling energy control from building to districts: Current limitations and future perspectives Reynolds, Jonathan; Rezgui, Yacine; Hippolyte, Jean-Laurent Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 35 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.05.012	journal	November 2017
P2P energy trading: Blockchain-enabled P2P energy society with multi-scale flexibility services Wu, Ying; Wu, Yanpeng; Cimen, Halil Energy Reports, Vol. 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.02.074	journal	November 2022
Evaluation of energy flexibility of low-energy residential buildings connected to district heating Foteinaki, Kyriaki; Li, Rongling; Péan, Thibault Energy and Buildings, Vol. 213 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109804	journal	April 2020
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Demand response business model canvas: A tool for flexibility creation in the electricity markets Hamwi, Michael; Lizarralde, Iban; Legardeur, Jérémy Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 282 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124539	journal	February 2021
Towards standardising market-independent indicators for quantifying energy flexibility in buildings Kathirgamanathan, Anjukan; Péan, Thibault; Zhang, Kun Energy and Buildings, Vol. 220 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110027	journal	August 2020
Generic characterization method for energy flexibility: Applied to structural thermal storage in residential buildings Reynders, Glenn; Diriken, Jan; Saelens, Dirk Applied Energy, Vol. 198 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.04.061	journal	July 2017
Linking BIM and Design of Experiments to balance architectural and technical design factors for energy performance Schlueter, Arno; Geyer, Philipp Automation in Construction, Vol. 86 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.10.021	journal	February 2018
Distributed demand side management using electric boilers Nespoli, Lorenzo; Giusti, Alessandro; Vermes, Nicola Computer Science - Research and Development, Vol. 32, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00450-016-0315-6	journal	July 2016
Demand side management of heat in smart homes: Living-lab experiments Christensen, Morten Herget; Li, Rongling; Pinson, Pierre Energy, Vol. 195 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.116993	journal	March 2020
Quantifying the operational flexibility of building energy systems with thermal energy storages Stinner, Sebastian; Huchtemann, Kristian; Müller, Dirk Applied Energy, Vol. 181 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.055	journal	November 2016
New domain for promoting energy efficiency: Energy Flexible Building Cluster Vigna, Ilaria; Pernetti, Roberta; Pasut, Wilmer Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.038	journal	April 2018
Aggregator’s business models in residential and service sectors: A review of operational and financial aspects Okur, Özge; Heijnen, Petra; Lukszo, Zofia Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 139 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110702	journal	April 2021
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Accuracy of hourly energy predictions for demand flexibility applications Granderson, Jessica; Fernandes, Samuel; Crowe, Eliot Energy and Buildings, Vol. 295 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113297	journal	September 2023
Long-term Value of Flexibility from Flexible Assets in Building Operation Thorvaldsen, Kasper Emil; Korpås, Magnus; Farahmand, Hossein International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 138 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107811	journal	June 2022
Further exploring the potential of residential demand response programs in electricity distribution Bartusch, Cajsa; Alvehag, Karin Applied Energy, Vol. 125 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.054	journal	July 2014

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