Hydrocarbon Ionomeric Binders for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers

Kim, Yu Seung

doi:10.1002/advs.202303914

Title: Hydrocarbon Ionomeric Binders for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers

Journal Article · 09 October 2023 · Advanced Science

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202303914 · OSTI ID:2009028

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MPA‐11: Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA

Abstract Ionomeric binders in catalyst layers, abbreviated as ionomers, play an essential role in the performance of polymer–electrolyte membrane fuel cells and electrolyzers. Due to environmental issues associated with perfluoroalkyl substances, alternative hydrocarbon ionomers have drawn substantial attention over the past few years. This review surveys literature to discuss ionomer requirements for the electrodes of fuel cells and electrolyzers, highlighting design principles of hydrocarbon ionomers to guide the development of advanced hydrocarbon ionomers.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

OSTI ID:: 2009028

Journal Information:: Advanced Science, Journal Name: Advanced Science Journal Issue: 34 Vol. 10; ISSN 2198-3844

Publisher:: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Germany

Language:: English

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Pure Water Solid Alkaline Water Electrolyzer Using Fully Aromatic and High-Molecular-Weight Poly(fluorene- alt -tetrafluorophenylene)-trimethyl Ammonium Anion Exchange Membranes and Ionomers Soni, Roby; Miyanishi, Shoji; Kuroki, Hidenori ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c01938	journal	December 2020
Ionomer Significance in Alkaline Direct Methanol Fuel Cell to Achieve High Power with a Quarternized Poly(terphenylene) Membrane Galvan, Vicente; Shrimant, Bharat; Bae, Chulsung ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c00681	journal	June 2021
Hydrophobic Quaternized Poly(fluorene) Ionomers for Emerging Fuel Cells Adhikari, Santosh; Leonard, Daniel P.; Lim, Katie H. ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c00119	journal	March 2022
Influence of Ion-Exchange Capacity on the Solubility, Mechanical Properties, and Mass Transport of Anion-Exchange Ionomers for Alkaline Fuel Cells Lu, Xinyao; You, Wei; Peltier, Cheyenne R. ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c03210	journal	January 2023
Quaternized Polynorbornene Random Copolymers for Fuel Cell Devices Lehmann, Michelle; Leonard, Daniel; Zheng, Jackie ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c03682	journal	January 2023
Poly(fluorenyl terphenyl piperidinium) with Sulfonated Side Chains for the Application of High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membranes Chen, Yanbo; Xu, Fei; Li, Jing ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c04121	journal	February 2023
Tailoring Ionomer Chemistry for Improved Oxygen Transport in the Cathode Catalyst Layer of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Fang, Siqi; Liu, Guoliang; Li, Minghai ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c00193	journal	March 2023
Impact of Catalyst Ink Dispersing Methodology on Fuel Cell Performance Using in-Situ X-ray Scattering Wang, Min; Park, Jae Hyung; Kabir, Sadia ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b01037	journal	July 2019
Highly Anion Conductive Polymers: How Do Hexafluoroisopropylidene Groups Affect Membrane Properties and Alkaline Fuel Cell Performance? Kimura, Taro; Matsumoto, Akinobu; Inukai, Junji ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b01733	journal	December 2019
Performance and Durability of Pure-Water-Fed Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers Using Baseline Materials and Operation Lindquist, Grace A.; Oener, Sebastian Z.; Krivina, Raina ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 13, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c06053	journal	August 2021
Effects of Ink Formulation on Construction of Catalyst Layers for High-Performance Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells Gong, Qing; Li, Chenzhao; Liu, Yadong ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 13, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c06711	journal	July 2021
Three-Electrode Study of Electrochemical Ionomer Degradation Relevant to Anion-Exchange-Membrane Water Electrolyzers Krivina, Raina A.; Lindquist, Grace A.; Yang, Min Chieh ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 14, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c22472	journal	April 2022
Insights into Degradation of the Membrane–Electrode Assembly Performance in Low-Temperature PEMFC: the Catalyst, the Ionomer, or the Interface? Sharma, Raghunandan; Morgen, Per; Chiriaev, Serguei ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 14, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c12327	journal	October 2022
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Facilitating Anion Transport in Polyolefin-Based Anion Exchange Membranes via Bulky Side Chains Zhang, Min; Shan, Chunrong; Liu, Lei ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b06426	journal	August 2016
Investigation of the Interaction between Nafion Ionomer and Surface Functionalized Carbon Black Using Both Ultrasmall Angle X-ray Scattering and Cryo-TEM Yang, Fan; Xin, Le; Uzunoglu, Aytekin ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 9, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b12949	journal	February 2017
Tuning the Ionomer Distribution in the Fuel Cell Catalyst Layer with Scaling the Ionomer Aggregate Size in Dispersion Doo, Gisu; Lee, Ji Hye; Yuk, Seongmin ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 10, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b01751	journal	May 2018
Zoom in Catalyst/Ionomer Interface in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Electrodes: Impact of Catalyst/Ionomer Dispersion Media/Solvent Sharma, Raghunandan; Andersen, Shuang Ma ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 10, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b14622	journal	October 2018
Evolution of the Interfacial Structure of a Catalyst Ink with the Quality of the Dispersing Solvent: A Contrast Variation Small-Angle and Ultrasmall-Angle Neutron Scattering Investigation Balu, Rajkamal; Choudhury, Namita Roy; Mata, Jitendra P. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 11, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b20645	journal	February 2019
Phenyl Oxidation Impacts the Durability of Alkaline Membrane Water Electrolyzer Li, Dongguo; Matanovic, Ivana; Lee, Albert S. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 11, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b00711	journal	February 2019
Membrane/Electrode Interface Design for Effective Water Management in Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cells Jang, Segeun; Her, Min; Kim, Sungjun ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 11, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b08075	journal	June 2019
Unusually High Concentration of Alkyl Ammonium Hydroxide in the Cation–Hydroxide–Water Coadsorbed Layer on Pt Dumont, Joseph H.; Spears, André J.; Hjelm, Rex P. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b17096	journal	December 2019
Engineered Membrane–Electrode Interface for Hydrocarbon-Based Polymer-Electrolyte-Membrane Fuel Cells via Solvent-Vapor-Annealed Deposition Oh, Keun-Hwan; Bae, Insung ACS Applied Nano Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b00706	journal	May 2019
Impact of Dispersion Solvent on Ionomer Thin Films and Membranes Berlinger, Sarah A.; Dudenas, Peter J.; Bird, Ashley ACS Applied Polymer Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.0c01076	journal	November 2020
Polymer Electrolytes with High Ionic Concentration for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Kim, Yu Seung ACS Applied Polymer Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.0c01405	journal	February 2021
Sulfonated Poly(aryl sulfone)s Containing Ferrous and Ferric Ion Scavenger 1H-Imidazo[4,5-F][1,10]-phenanthroline Groups for Highly Durable Proton Exchange Membranes Su, Yumiao; Li, Wenmu ACS Applied Polymer Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.3c00841	journal	July 2023
Ionic Liquid Additives for the Mitigation of Nafion Specific Adsorption on Platinum Li, Yawei; Intikhab, Saad; Malkani, Arnav ACS Catalysis, Vol. 10, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c01243	journal	June 2020
In Situ Identification of Non-Specific Adsorption of Alkali Metal Cations on Pt Surfaces and Their Catalytic Roles in Alkaline Solutions Jiao, Li; Liu, Ershuai; Mukerjee, Sanjeev ACS Catalysis, Vol. 10, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c02762	journal	August 2020
Water-Fed Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer Enabled by a Fluoride-Incorporated Nickel–Iron Oxyhydroxide Oxygen Evolution Electrode Xiao, Junwu; Oliveira, Alexandra M.; Wang, Lan ACS Catalysis, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c04200	journal	December 2020
Effect of the Side-Chain Structure of Perfluoro-Sulfonic Acid Ionomers on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on the Surface of Pt Kodama, Kensaku; Motobayashi, Kenta; Shinohara, Akihiro ACS Catalysis, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b03571	journal	December 2017
Phosphonated Ionomers of Intrinsic Microporosity with Partially Ordered Structure for High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Sun, Xi; Guan, Jiayu; Wang, Xue ACS Central Science, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.3c00146	journal	March 2023
pH Matters When Reducing CO ₂ in an Electrochemical Flow Cell Zhang, Zishuai; Melo, Luke; Jansonius, Ryan P. ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01606	journal	September 2020
Thin Cation-Exchange Layers Enable High-Current-Density Bipolar Membrane Electrolyzers via Improved Water Transport Oener, Sebastian Z.; Twight, Liam P.; Lindquist, Grace A. ACS Energy Letters https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02078	journal	November 2020
Electrochemical Pumping for Challenging Hydrogen Separations Venugopalan, Gokul; Bhattacharya, Deepra; Andrews, Evan ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02853	journal	March 2022
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Membrane Strategies for Water Electrolysis Park, Eun Joo; Arges, Christopher G.; Xu, Hui ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01609	journal	September 2022
High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells with High Phosphoric Acid Retention Lim, Katie H.; Matanovic, Ivana; Maurya, Sandip ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02367	journal	December 2022
Membrane Engineering Reveals Descriptors of CO₂ Electroreduction in an Electrolyzer Yang, Seok Hwan; Jung, Wonsang; Lee, Hyeonggeon ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00420	journal	March 2023
Boosting Fuel Cell Performance with Accessible Carbon Mesopores Yarlagadda, Venkata; Carpenter, Michael K.; Moylan, Thomas E. ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00186	journal	February 2018
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Ultrafine Pt cluster and RuO ₂ heterojunction anode catalysts designed for ultra-low Pt-loading anion exchange membrane fuel cells Wang, Rongyue; Li, Dongguo; Maurya, Sandip Nanoscale Horizons, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NH00533A	journal	January 2020
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Piperidinium-functionalized anion exchange membranes and their application in alkaline fuel cells and water electrolysis Chu, Xiaomeng; Shi, Yan; Liu, Lei Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA01167F	journal	January 2019
The energetics of phosphoric acid interactions reveals a new acid loss mechanism Lee, Albert S.; Choe, Yoong-Kee; Matanovic, Ivana Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA01756A	journal	January 2019
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Hydrocarbon-based Pemion™ proton exchange membrane fuel cells with state-of-the-art performance Nguyen, Hien; Lombeck, Florian; Schwarz, Claudia Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 5, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SE00556A	journal	January 2021
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The effect of ionomer content in catalyst layers in anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers prepared with reinforced membranes (Aemion+™) Koch, Susanne; Heizmann, Philipp A.; Kilian, Sophia K. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 9, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA01861B	journal	January 2021
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Performance and durability of anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers using down-selected polymer electrolytes Motz, Andrew R.; Li, Dongguo; Keane, Alex Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 9, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA06869E	journal	January 2021
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UV-crosslinkable anthracene-based ionomer derived gas “Expressway” for anion exchange membrane fuel cells Wang, Bowen; Pan, Ji; Zou, Xiuyang Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 10, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA02632E	journal	January 2022
Improving poly(arylene piperidinium) anion exchange membranes by monomer design Pan, Dong; Bakvand, Pegah Mansouri; Pham, Thanh Huong Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 10, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA03862E	journal	January 2022
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Mechanism of Catalyst Degradation in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Virkar, Anil V.; Zhou, Yingke Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 154, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2722563	journal	January 2007
The Membrane–Electrode Interface in PEFCs Pivovar, B. S.; Kim, Y. S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 154, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2740005	journal	January 2007
Membrane and Active Layer Degradation upon PEMFC Steady-State Operation Guilminot, E.; Corcella, A.; Chatenet, M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 154, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2775218	journal	January 2007
Durability of Perfluorosulfonic Acid and Hydrocarbon Membranes: Effect of Humidity and Temperature Sethuraman, Vijay A.; Weidner, John W.; Haug, Andrew T. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 155, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2806798	journal	January 2008
Membranes and MEAs Based on Sulfonated Poly(ether ketone ketone) and Heteropolyacids for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Ramani, Vijay; Swier, Steven; Shaw, M. T. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 155, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2898171	journal	January 2008
Degradation Mitigation in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Using Cerium Oxide as a Regenerative Free-Radical Scavenger Trogadas, Panagiotis; Parrondo, Javier; Ramani, Vijay Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2916443	journal	January 2008
Effect of Organic Solvents on Catalyst Layer Structure in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells Chisaka, Mitsuharu; Daiguji, Hirofumi Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 156, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3000592	journal	January 2009
Investigation of the Impact of Interfacial Delamination on Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Performance Kim, Soowhan; Khandelwal, Manish; Chacko, Charles Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 156, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3006398	journal	January 2009
Investigation of Charge-Transfer and Mass-Transport Resistances in PEMFCs with Microporous Layer Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Malevich, Dzmitry; Halliop, Ela; Peppley, Brant A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 156, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3033408	journal	January 2009
Factors Influencing Electrochemical Properties and Performance of Hydrocarbon-Based Electrolyte PEMFC Catalyst Layers Astill, Toby; Xie, Zhong; Shi, Zhiqing Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 156, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3082119	journal	January 2009
Platinum-Alloy Cathode Catalyst Degradation in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Nanometer-Scale Compositional and Morphological Changes Chen, Shuo; Gasteiger, Hubert A.; Hayakawa, Katsuichiro Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 157, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3258275	journal	January 2010
Direct Ammonia Alkaline Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Lan, Rong; Tao, Shanwen Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3428469	journal	January 2010
Microstructure–Performance Relationships of sPEEK-Based Catalyst Layers Peron, Jennifer; Edwards, Dave; Besson, Arthur Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 157, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3454735	journal	January 2010
The Membrane–Electrode Interface in PEFCs Kim, Yu Seung; Pivovar, Bryan S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 157, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3481580	journal	January 2010
The Membrane–Electrode Interface in PEFCs Kim, Yu Seung; Pivovar, Bryan S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 157, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3481581	journal	January 2010
Role of Binders in High Temperature PEMFC Electrode Park, J. O.; Kwon, K.; Cho, M. D. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3573773	journal	January 2011
Proton Conduction on Ionomer-Free Pt Surfaces Thompson, Eric L.; Baker, Daniel 220th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3635605	conference	January 2011
Optimizing The Hot-Press Procedure Of High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells For Adhesion Strength And Conductivity Leader, Jared O.; Walluk, Mark R.; Waller, Michael G. ECS Transactions, Vol. 108, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/10808.0003ecst	journal	May 2022
Fundamental Aspects of Contamination during the Hydrogen Evolution/Oxidation Reaction in Alkaline Media Weber, D. J.; Dosche, C.; Oezaslan, M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab681f	journal	January 2020
Communication—Non-Fluorous, Hydrocarbon PEMFCs, Generating > 1 W cm ⁻² Power Balogun, Emmanuel; Adamski, Michael; Holdcroft, Steven Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab88bd	journal	April 2020
Analysis of Gas Permeation Phenomena in a PEM Water Electrolyzer Operated at High Pressure and High Current Density Bernt, M.; Schröter, J.; Möckl, M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abaa68	journal	August 2020
A Direct Ammonia Fuel Cell with a KOH-Free Anode Feed Generating 180 mW cm ⁻² at 120 °C Achrai, Ben; Zhao, Yun; Wang, Teng Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abbdd1	journal	October 2020
Ionomer Optimization for Water Uptake and Swelling in Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer: Oxygen Evolution Electrode Huang, Garrett; Mandal, Mrinmay; Hassan, Noor Ul Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abcde3	journal	December 2020
Ionomer Optimization for Water Uptake and Swelling in Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer: Hydrogen Evolution Electrode Huang, Garrett; Mandal, Mrinmay; Hassan, Noor Ul Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 168, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abde7b	journal	February 2021
Impact of Catalyst Ink Dispersing Solvent on PEM Fuel Cell Performance and Durability Lei, Chao; Yang, Fan; Macauley, Natalia Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 168, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abf2b0	journal	April 2021
Degradation of Platinum-Cobalt Alloy PEMFC Cathode Catalysts in Catalyst-Ionomer Inks Myers, Deborah J.; Kropf, A. Jeremy; Wegener, Evan C. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 168, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abf4ab	journal	April 2021
Editors’ Choice—Examining Performance and Durability of Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells with Novel Spirocyclic Anion Exchange Membranes Yang-Neyerlin, Ami C.; Medina, Samantha; Meek, Kelly M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 168, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abf77f	journal	April 2021
Evaluation of Ionomer Distribution on Electrocatalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells by Use of a Low Acceleration Voltage Scanning Electron Microscope Kakinuma, Katsuyoshi; Kawamoto, Masako; Tamoto, Kayoko Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 168, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abfa59	journal	May 2021
Elucidating the Role of Hydroxide Electrolyte on Anion-Exchange-Membrane Water Electrolyzer Performance Liu, Jiangjin; Kang, Zhenye; Li, Dongguo Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 168, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac0019	journal	May 2021
KOH vs Deionized Water Operation in Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers Hassan, Noor Ul; Zheng, Yiwei; Kohl, Paul A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 169, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac5f1d	journal	April 2022
Selective Distributing Features of PFSA Ionomer on Pt/C in PEMFC Zhou, Fen; Wang, Rui; Guan, Shumeng Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 169, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/aca0c5	journal	November 2022
Self-Adhesive Ionomers for Alkaline Electrolysis: Optimized Hydrogen Evolution Electrode Tee, Hui Min; Park, Habin; Shah, Parin N. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 169, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acab8a	journal	December 2022
Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Incorporating Sulfo-Phenylated Polyphenylene Catalyst Coated Membranes Wang, Xin; Mardle, Peter; Adamski, Michael Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 170, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acb643	journal	February 2023
Experimental Protocol for HOR and ORR in Alkaline Electrochemical Measurements Campos-Roldán, C. A.; González-Huerta, R. G.; Alonso-Vante, N. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0011815jes	journal	January 2018
The Importance of Water Transport in High Conductivity and High-Power Alkaline Fuel Cells Mandal, Mrinmay; Huang, Garrett; Hassan, Noor Ul Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0022005JES	journal	October 2019
Fuel-Cell Catalyst-Layer Resistance via Hydrogen Limiting-Current Measurements Schuler, Tobias; Chowdhury, Anamika; Freiberg, Anna T. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0031907jes	journal	January 2019
Carbon Corrosion in PEM Fuel Cells and the Development of Accelerated Stress Tests Macauley, Natalia; Papadias, Dennis D.; Fairweather, Joseph Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0061806jes	journal	January 2018
Effects of Both Oxygen Permeability and Ion Exchange Capacity for Cathode Ionomers on the Performance and Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Shimizu, Ryo; Park, Young-Chul; Kakinuma, Katsuyoshi Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0071806jes	journal	January 2018
Interfacial vs. Internal Water Transport Resistance of Sulfonated Hydrocarbon Proton-Exchange Membranes Zhao, N.; Edwards, D.; Shi, Z. ECS Electrochemistry Letters, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.009303eel	journal	December 2012
Proton Conduction and Oxygen Diffusion in Ultra-Thin Nafion Films in PEM Fuel Cell: How Thin? Chen, Darcy; Kongkanand, Anusorn; Jorne, Jacob Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0101902jes	journal	January 2019
The Effect of Cathode Structures on Nafion Membrane Durability Choi, Baeck; Langlois, David A.; Mack, Nate Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0151412jes	journal	January 2014
Hydroxide based Benzyltrimethylammonium Degradation: Quantification of Rates and Degradation Technique Development Sturgeon, Matthew R.; Macomber, Clay S.; Engtrakul, Chaiwat Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0271504jes	journal	January 2015
Chemical Stability of Perfluorobis(sulfonyl)imide-Acid (PFIA) Ionomers in Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) Accelerated Test Conditions Yandrasits, Michael; Lindell, Matthew; Peppin, Daniel Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0301806jes	journal	January 2018
Investigation into Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction on Platinum in Tetraethylammonium Hydroxide and Effect of Addition of Imidazole and 1,2,4-Triazole Sarkar, A.; Zhu, X.; Nakanishi, H. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.037210jes	journal	January 2012
The Control and Effect of Pore Size Distribution in AEMFC Catalyst Layers Britton, Benjamin; Holdcroft, Steven Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0421605jes	journal	January 2016
Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Catalyst Coated Membranes Subjected to In Situ Hygrothermal Fatigue Alavijeh, Alireza Sadeghi; Khorasany, Ramin M. H.; Nunn, Zachary Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0471514jes	journal	January 2015
Effect of Organic Cations on Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction of Carbon Supported Platinum Chung, Hoon Taek; Choe, Yoong-Kee; Martinez, Ulises Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0511614jes	journal	January 2016
Catalyst Poisoning Property of Sulfonimide Acid Ionomer on Pt (111) Surface Kodama, Kensaku; Shinohara, Akihiro; Hasegawa, Naoki Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.051405jes	journal	January 2014
Local pH Effect in the CO ₂ Reduction Reaction on High-Surface-Area Copper Electrocatalysts Raciti, David; Mao, Mark; Park, Jun Ha Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0521810jes	journal	January 2018
Oxygen Reduction Reaction Measurements on Platinum Electrocatalysts Utilizing Rotating Disk Electrode Technique: II. Influence of Ink Formulation, Catalyst Layer Uniformity and Thickness Shinozaki, Kazuma; Zack, Jason W.; Pylypenko, Svitlana Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0551512jes	journal	January 2015
Characterizing Electrolyte and Platinum Interface in PEM Fuel Cells Using CO Displacement Garrick, Taylor R.; Moylan, Thomas E.; Yarlagadda, Venkata Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0551702jes	journal	December 2016
Proton Transport Property in Supported Nafion Nanothin Films by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Paul, Devproshad K.; McCreery, Richard; Karan, Kunal Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0571414jes	journal	January 2014
Stability of Poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,4-phenylene)Oxide-Based Anion Exchange Membrane Separator and Solubilized Electrode Binder in Solid-State Alkaline Water Electrolyzers Parrondo, Javier; Ramani, Vijay Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0601410jes	journal	January 2014
Analysis of Double Layer and Adsorption Effects at the Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte-Electrode Interface Ünlü, Murat; Abbott, Daniel; Ramaswamy, Nagappan Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.075111jes	journal	January 2011
Poly(arylene ether) Ionomers with Pendant Quinuclidium Groups and Varying Molecular Weight for Alkaline Electrodes Zhou, Junfeng; Joseph, Krishna; Ahlfield, John M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.077306jes	journal	January 2013
Operando X-ray Tomographic Microscopy Imaging of HT-PEFC: A Comparative Study of Phosphoric Acid Electrolyte Migration Eberhardt, S. H.; Marone, F.; Stampanoni, M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0801608jes	journal	January 2016
Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Ink Dispersion Stability for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Applications Shukla, S.; Bhattacharjee, S.; Weber, A. Z. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0961706jes	journal	January 2017
Enhancing Pt/C Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction with Protic Ionic Liquids: The Effect of Anion Structure Huang, Kan; Song, Tangqiumei; Morales-Collazo, Oscar Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1071713jes	journal	January 2017
Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers and Membrane-Electrode Assemblies Containing Multiblock Poly(arylene ether sulfones) Bearing Perfluorosulfonic Acid Side Chains Lee, Hsu-Feng; Killer, Miho; Britton, Benjamin Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1081810jes	journal	January 2018
Cerium Ion Mobility and Diffusivity Rates in Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes Measured via Hydrogen Pump Operation Baker, Andrew M.; Babu, Siddharth Komini; Mukundan, Rangachary Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1221712jes	journal	January 2017
Ink Solvent Dependence of the Ionomer Distribution in the Catalyst Layer of a PEMFC Orfanidi, Alin; Rheinländer, Philipp J.; Schulte, Nicole Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1251814jes	journal	January 2018
Composite Poly(norbornene) Anion Conducting Membranes for Achieving Durability, Water Management and High Power (3.4 W/cm ² ) in Hydrogen/Oxygen Alkaline Fuel Cells Huang, Garrett; Mandal, Mrinmay; Peng, Xiong Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1301910jes	journal	January 2019
Quaternary Ammonium Cation Specific Adsorption on Platinum Electrodes: A Combined Experimental and Density Functional Theory Study McCrum, I. T.; Hickner, M. A.; Janik, M. J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1351802jes	journal	January 2018
Strategies for Reducing the PGM Loading in High Power AEMFC Anodes Omasta, Travis J.; Zhang, Yufeng; Park, Andrew M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1401809jes	journal	January 2018
The Key to High Performance Low Pt Loaded Electrodes Orfanidi, A.; Madkikar, P.; El-Sayed, H. A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1621704jes	journal	January 2017
Toyota MIRAI Fuel Cell Vehicle and Progress Toward a Future Hydrogen Society Yoshida, T.; Kojima, K. Interface magazine, Vol. 24, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.F03152if	journal	January 2015
Increasing Fuel Cell Efficiency by Using Ultra-Low Equivalent Weight Ionomers Yandrasits, Michael; Lindell, Matthew; Schaberg, Mark The Electrochemical Society Interface, Vol. 26, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.F05171if	journal	January 2017
Probing the Electrochemical Behavior of High-Temperature Ionomer Blends Arunagiri, Karthik; Arges, Christopher G. ECS Meeting Abstracts, Vol. MA2022-02, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1149/MA2022-02411513mtgabs	journal	October 2022
Preparation procedure for the electrode slurries of polymer electrolyte fuel cells utilizing the irreversibility of ionomer adsorption onto Pt–C particles Kishi, Michito; Tanaka, Masaki; Mori, Takamasa Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, Vol. 127, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.2109/jcersj2.19152	journal	December 2019
Application of Liquid-Phase Direct Fluorination: Novel Synthetic Methods for a Polyfluorinated Coating Material and a Monomer of a Perfluorinated Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Okazoe, Takashi; Shirakawa, Daisuke; Murata, Koichi Applied Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/app2020327	journal	April 2012
PGM-Free Electrocatalytic Layer Characterization by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of an Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer with Nafion Ionomer as the Bonding Agent Pushkarev, Artem S.; Pushkareva, Irina V.; du Preez, Stephanus P. Catalysts, Vol. 13, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13030554	journal	March 2023
Effect of Dispersion Solvents in Catalyst Inks on the Performance and Durability of Catalyst Layers in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Song, Chan-Ho; Park, Jin-Soo Energies, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030549	journal	February 2019
U.S. DOE Progress Towards Developing Low-Cost, High Performance, Durable Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications Houchins, Cassidy; Kleen, Greg; Spendelow, Jacob Membranes, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes2040855	journal	December 2012
Polystyrene-Based Hydroxide-Ion-Conducting Ionomer: Binder Characteristics and Performance in Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Chae, Ji Eon; Lee, So Young; Yoo, Sung Jong Polymers, Vol. 13, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13050690	journal	February 2021

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