Using defects as a ‘fossil record’ to help interpret complex processes during additive manufacturing: as applied to raster-scanned electron beam powder bed additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V

O’Donnell, Katie; Quintana, Maria J.; Kenney, Matthew J.; Collins, Peter C.

doi:10.1007/s10853-023-08838-0

Title: Using defects as a ‘fossil record’ to help interpret complex processes during additive manufacturing: as applied to raster-scanned electron beam powder bed additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V

Journal Article · 26 August 2023 · Journal of Materials Science

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08838-0 · OSTI ID:1996880

;

Abstract Defects in parts produced by additive manufacturing, instead of simply being perceived as deleterious, can act as important sources of information associated with the complex physical processes that occur during materials deposition and subsequent thermal cycles. Indeed, they act as materials-state ‘fossil’ records of the dynamic AM process. The approach of using defects as epoch-like records of prior history has been developed while studying additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V and has given new insights into processes that may otherwise remain either obscured or unquantified. Analogous to ‘epochs,’ the evolution of these defects often is characterized by physics that span across a temporal length scale. To demonstrate this approach, a broad range of analyses including optical and electron microscopy, X-ray computed tomography, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction have been used to characterize a raster-scanned electron beam Ti–6Al–4V sample. These analysis techniques provide key characteristics of defects such as their morphology, location within the part, complex compositional fields interacting with the defects, and structures on the free surfaces of defects. Observed defects have been classified as banding, spherical porosity, and lack of fusion. Banding is directly related to preferential evaporation of Al, which has an influence on mechanical properties. Lack-of-fusion defects can be used to understand columnar grain growth, fluid flow of melt pools, humping, and spattering events. Graphical abstract

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: Office of Naval Research; USDOE; USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1996880

Journal Information:: Journal of Materials Science, Journal Name: Journal of Materials Science Journal Issue: 33 Vol. 58; ISSN 0022-2461

Publisher:: Springer Science + Business MediaCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (99)

Laser Additive Manufacturing Processes for Near Net Shape Components Riveiro, A.; del Val, J.; Comesaña, R. Materials Forming, Machining and Tribology https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10579-2_5	book	January 2019
Surface tension-powered build dimension control in laser additive manufacturing process Lee, Y. S.; Farson, D. F. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 85, Issue 5-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7974-5	journal	October 2015
Process selection methodology for near net shape manufacturing Marini, Daniele; Corney, Jonathan R. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 106, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04561-w	journal	December 2019
Parametric Analysis of Direct Energy Deposited 316 L-Si powder on 316 L Parts Telmen, Baris; Szmytka, Fabien; Gloanec, Anne-Lise The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 127, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11409-x	journal	June 2023
The effect of process parameters on the stability and efficiency in the laser powder bed fusion of Ti-6Al-4 V based on the interval powder layer thickness Wang, Peng; Chen, Dongju; Tang, Yuhang The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 127, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11704-7	journal	June 2023
Defect Formation Mechanisms in Selective Laser Melting: A Review Zhang, Bi; Li, Yongtao; Bai, Qian Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 30, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10033-017-0121-5	journal	April 2017
3D characterization of microstructural evolution and variant selection in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4 V DeMott, Ryan; Haghdadi, Nima; Liao, Xiaozhou Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 56, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06216-2	journal	June 2021
Microstructural evolution in laser-deposited multilayer Ti-6Al-4V builds: Part II. Thermal modeling Kelly, S. M.; Kampe, S. L. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 35, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-0095-7	journal	June 2004
The Origin of Microstructural Diversity, Texture, and Mechanical Properties in Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V Al-Bermani, S. S.; Blackmore, M. L.; Zhang, W. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 41, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-010-0397-x	journal	August 2010
Texture Analysis of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Deposited Using Different Scanning Strategies Quintana, Maria J.; Kenney, Matthew J.; Agrawal, Priyanka Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 51, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-06040-4	journal	October 2020
Mathematical modeling of aluminum evaporation during electron-beam cold-hearth melting of Ti-6Al-4V ingots Akhonin, S. V.; Trigub, N. P.; Zamkov, V. N. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 34, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-003-0071-4	journal	August 2003
Evaluation of evaporation losses during electron-beam melting of Ti-Al-V alloys Ivanchenko, V. G.; Ivasishin, O. M.; Semiatin, S. L. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 34, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-003-0097-7	journal	December 2003
Influence of Powder Characteristics on Formation of Porosity in Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V Components Iebba, Maurizio; Astarita, Antonello; Mistretta, Daniela Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 26, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2796-2	journal	June 2017
Formation and Elimination Mechanism of Lack of Fusion and Cracks in Direct Laser Deposition 24CrNiMoY Alloy Steel Guo, Qian; Chen, Suiyuan; Wei, Mingwei Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 29, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05163-4	journal	October 2020
Defects in Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes Brennan, M. C.; Keist, J. S.; Palmer, T. A. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 30, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05919-6	journal	July 2021
Collecting and analyzing microstructures in three dimensions: A fully automated approach Spowart, Jonathan E.; Mullens, Herbert E.; Puchala, Brian T. JOM, Vol. 55, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-003-0173-0	journal	October 2003
Progress Toward an Integration of Process–Structure–Property–Performance Models for “Three-Dimensional (3-D) Printing” of Titanium Alloys Collins, P. C.; Haden, C. V.; Ghamarian, I. JOM, Vol. 66, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-014-1007-y	journal	June 2014
Understanding the Microstructure Formation of Ti-6Al-4V During Direct Laser Deposition via In-Situ Thermal Monitoring Marshall, Garrett J.; Young, W. Joseph; Thompson, Scott M. JOM, Vol. 68, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1767-z	journal	January 2016
Temperature Profile, Bead Geometry, and Elemental Evaporation in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Process Ahsan, Faiyaz; Ladani, Leila JOM, Vol. 72, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03872-3	journal	October 2019
The effect of thermal grooving on grain boundary motion Mullins, W. W. Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(58)90020-8	journal	June 1958
Surface relief effects associated with proeutectoid α plates in a Ti-7.15 wt% Cr alloy Lee, H. J.; Aaronson, H. I. Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 36, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(88)90112-5	journal	March 1988
Mechanisms for the development of tent-shaped and invariant-plane-strain-type surface reliefs for plates formed during diffusional phase transformations Hirth, J. P.; Spanos, G.; Hall, M. G. Acta Materialia, Vol. 46, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(97)00302-9	journal	January 1998
In situ SEM-EBSD observations of the hcp to bcc phase transformation in commercially pure titanium Seward, G. G. E.; Celotto, S.; Prior, D. J. Acta Materialia, Vol. 52, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2003.10.049	journal	February 2004
A study of the microstructural evolution during selective laser melting of Ti–6Al–4V Thijs, Lore; Verhaeghe, Frederik; Craeghs, Tom Acta Materialia, Vol. 58, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.02.004	journal	May 2010
Perspectives on Titanium Science and Technology Banerjee, Dipankar; Williams, J. C. Acta Materialia, Vol. 61, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.043	journal	February 2013
Anisotropic tensile behavior of Ti–6Al–4V components fabricated with directed energy deposition additive manufacturing Carroll, Beth E.; Palmer, Todd A.; Beese, Allison M. Acta Materialia, Vol. 87 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.12.054	journal	April 2015
3D-imaging of selective laser melting defects in a Co–Cr–Mo alloy by synchrotron radiation micro-CT Zhou, Xin; Wang, Dianzheng; Liu, Xihe Acta Materialia, Vol. 98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.07.014	journal	October 2015
Laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing: Physics of complex melt flow and formation mechanisms of pores, spatter, and denudation zones Khairallah, Saad A.; Anderson, Andrew T.; Rubenchik, Alexander Acta Materialia, Vol. 108 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.02.014	journal	April 2016
A framework to link localized cooling and properties of directed energy deposition (DED)-processed Ti-6Al-4V Wolff, Sarah J.; Lin, Stephen; Faierson, Eric J. Acta Materialia, Vol. 132 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.027	journal	June 2017
Predicting tensile properties of Ti-6Al-4V produced via directed energy deposition Hayes, Brian J.; Martin, Brian W.; Welk, Brian Acta Materialia, Vol. 133 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.05.025	journal	July 2017
Transient dynamics of powder spattering in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process revealed by in-situ high-speed high-energy x-ray imaging Guo, Qilin; Zhao, Cang; Escano, Luis I. Acta Materialia, Vol. 151 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.03.036	journal	June 2018
Correlative Synchrotron X-ray Imaging and Diffraction of Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing Chen, Yunhui; Clark, Samuel J.; Collins, David M. Acta Materialia, Vol. 209 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.116777	journal	May 2021
Prediction of lack-of-fusion porosity for powder bed fusion Tang, Ming; Pistorius, P. Chris; Beuth, Jack L. Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.12.001	journal	March 2017
In-Process monitoring of porosity during laser additive manufacturing process Zhang, Bin; Liu, Shunyu; Shin, Yung C. Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 28 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.05.030	journal	August 2019
Direct fabrication of bimetallic Ti6Al4V+Al12Si structures via additive manufacturing Zhang, Yanning; Bandyopadhyay, Amit Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100783	journal	October 2019
Keyhole-induced porosities in Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) of Ti6Al4V: High-fidelity modelling and experimental validation Bayat, Mohamad; Thanki, Aditi; Mohanty, Sankhya Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 30 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100835	journal	December 2019
Effect of scanning strategy on variant selection in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Stephenson, P. L.; Haghdadi, N.; DeMott, R. Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 36 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101581	journal	December 2020
Texture evolution as a function of scan strategy and build height in electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V Saville, Alec I.; Vogel, Sven C.; Creuziger, Adam Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 46 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102118	journal	October 2021
Use of ultrasound to identify microstructure-property relationships in 316 stainless steel fabricated with binder jet additive manufacturing Huang, Nancy; Cook, Olivia J.; Smithson, Robert L. W. Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 51 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102591	journal	March 2022
Eliminating porosity defects, promoting equiaxed grains and improving the mechanical properties of additively manufactured Ti-22V-4Al with super-transus hot isostatic pressing Ng, C. H.; Bermingham, M. J.; Dargusch, M. S. Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 72 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103630	journal	June 2023
Phase field modeling of quasi-static and dynamic crack propagation: COMSOL implementation and case studies Zhou, Shuwei; Rabczuk, Timon; Zhuang, Xiaoying Advances in Engineering Software, Vol. 122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2018.03.012	journal	August 2018
Design of titanium alloys by additive manufacturing: A critical review Zhang, Tianlong; Liu, Chain-Tsuan Advanced Powder Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmate.2021.11.001	journal	January 2022
Consolidation phenomena in laser and powder-bed based layered manufacturing Kruth, J. -P.; Levy, G.; Klocke, F. CIRP Annals, Vol. 56, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2007.10.004	journal	January 2007
A phase-field description of dynamic brittle fracture Borden, Michael J.; Verhoosel, Clemens V.; Scott, Michael A. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 217-220 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2012.01.008	journal	April 2012
A phase-field formulation for fracture in ductile materials: Finite deformation balance law derivation, plastic degradation, and stress triaxiality effects Borden, Michael J.; Hughes, Thomas J. R.; Landis, Chad M. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 312 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2016.09.005	journal	December 2016
Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges Ngo, Tuan D.; Kashani, Alireza; Imbalzano, Gabriele Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 143 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02.012	journal	June 2018
Modeling of additive manufacturing processes for metals: Challenges and opportunities Francois, M. M.; Sun, A.; King, W. E. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, Vol. 21, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2016.12.001	journal	August 2017
Evaluation of fatigue crack propagation behaviour in Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by selective laser melting Walker, K. F.; Liu, Q.; Brandt, M. International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 104 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.07.014	journal	November 2017
Microstructure evolution and layer bands of laser melting deposition Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si titanium alloy Zhu, Yanyan; Tian, Xiangjun; Li, Jia Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 616 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.07.161	journal	December 2014
Effects of the crystallographic and spatial orientation of α lamellae on the anisotropic in-situ tensile behaviors of additive manufactured Ti–6Al–4V Liu, Zheng; Zhao, ZiBo; Liu, Jianrong Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 850 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156886	journal	January 2021
Anisotropic properties of directed energy deposition (DED)-processed Ti–6Al–4V Wolff, Sarah; Lee, Taekyung; Faierson, Eric Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.06.020	journal	October 2016
A review on wire and arc additive manufacturing of titanium alloy Lin, Zidong; Song, Kaijie; Yu, Xinghua Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 70 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.08.018	journal	October 2021
Experimental analysis of spatter generation and melt-pool behavior during the powder bed laser beam melting process Gunenthiram, V.; Peyre, P.; Schneider, M. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 251 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.08.012	journal	January 2018
Deep learning object detection for optical monitoring of spatters in L-PBF Chebil, G.; Bettebghor, D.; Renollet, Y. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 319 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2023.118063	journal	October 2023
Defects and 3D structural inhomogeneity in electron beam additively manufactured Inconel 718 Polonsky, Andrew T.; Echlin, McLean P.; Lenthe, William C. Materials Characterization, Vol. 143 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.02.020	journal	September 2018
3D printed anisotropic dielectric composite with meta-material features Isakov, D. V.; Lei, Q.; Castles, F. Materials & Design, Vol. 93 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.176	journal	March 2016
Correlation between porosity and processing parameters in TiAl6V4 produced by selective laser melting Kasperovich, Galina; Haubrich, Jan; Gussone, Joachim Materials & Design, Vol. 105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.070	journal	September 2016
Anisotropy and heterogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties in metal additive manufacturing: A critical review Kok, Y.; Tan, X. P.; Wang, P. Materials & Design, Vol. 139 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.021	journal	February 2018
The effect of beam scan strategies on microstructural variations in Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by electron beam powder bed fusion Shao, Meiyue; Vijayan, Sriram; Nandwana, Peeyush Materials & Design, Vol. 196 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109165	journal	November 2020
Five-parameter characterization of intervariant boundaries in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Haghdadi, N.; DeMott, R.; Stephenson, P. L. Materials & Design, Vol. 196 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109177	journal	November 2020
Numerical and experimental investigation into gas flow field and spattering phenomena in laser powder bed fusion processing of Inconel 718 Chien, Cheng-Yen; Le, Trong-Nhan; Lin, Ze-Hong Materials & Design, Vol. 210 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110107	journal	November 2021
Quantification of microstructural features in α/β titanium alloys Tiley, J.; Searles, T.; Lee, E. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 372, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.12.008	journal	May 2004
The direct metal laser remelting of copper and tool steel powders Pogson, S.; Fox, P.; O’Neill, W. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 386, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.08.015	journal	November 2004
Development of methods for the quantification of microstructural features in α+β-processed α/β titanium alloys Collins, P. C.; Welk, B.; Searles, T. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 508, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.12.038	journal	May 2009
Additive manufacturing of a high niobium-containing titanium aluminide alloy by selective electron beam melting Tang, H. P.; Yang, G. Y.; Jia, W. P. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 636 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.03.079	journal	June 2015
Spatially dependent properties in a laser additive manufactured Ti–6Al–4V component Palanivel, S.; Dutt, A. K.; Faierson, E. J. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 654 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.12.021	journal	January 2016
Microstructure and properties of a novel titanium alloy Ti-6Al-2V-1.5Mo-0.5Zr-0.3Si manufactured by laser additive manufacturing Li, Guo-Chao; Li, Jia; Tian, Xiang-Jun Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 684 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.11.084	journal	January 2017
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V welds using α, near-α and α+β filler alloys Abbasi, K.; Beidokhti, B.; Sajjadi, S. A. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 702 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.07.027	journal	August 2017
Effect of Wire EDM Cutting Parameters for Evaluating of Additive Manufacturing Hybrid Metal Material Zakaria, K.; Ismail, Z.; Redzuan, N. Procedia Manufacturing, Vol. 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.092	journal	January 2015
Role of anisotropic properties on topology optimization of additive manufactured load bearing structures Zhang, Pu; Liu, Jikai; To, Albert C. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 135 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.10.021	journal	July 2017
Revealing hot tearing mechanism for an additively manufactured high-entropy alloy via selective laser melting Sun, Z.; Tan, X. P.; Descoins, M. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 168 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.04.036	journal	July 2019
Spherical pores as ‘microstructural informants’: Understanding compositional, thermal, and mechanical gyrations in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Kenney, Matthew J.; O'Donnell, Katie; Quintana, Maria J. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 198 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.113827	journal	June 2021
Ultrasonic mapping of hybrid additively manufactured 420 stainless steel Sotelo, Luz D.; Hadidi, Haitham; Pratt, Cody S. Ultrasonics, Vol. 110 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2020.106269	journal	February 2021
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy fabricated using electron beam freeform fabrication Xu, Junqiang; Zhu, Jun; Fan, Jikang Vacuum, Vol. 167 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.06.030	journal	September 2019
Finite-element approximation of coupled surface and grain boundary motion with applications to thermal grooving and sintering Barrett, John W.; Garcke, Harald; NÜRnberg, Robert European Journal of Applied Mathematics, Vol. 21, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956792510000203	journal	July 2010
Dynamics of pore formation during laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing Martin, Aiden A.; Calta, Nicholas P.; Khairallah, Saad A. Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10009-2	journal	April 2019
Pore elimination mechanisms during 3D printing of metals Hojjatzadeh, S. Mohammad H.; Parab, Niranjan D.; Yan, Wentao Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10973-9	journal	July 2019
Theory of Thermal Grooving Mullins, W. W. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 28, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1722742	journal	March 1957
Challenges and Opportunities in nde, ishm and Material State Awareness for Aircraft Structures: us air Force Perspective Buynak, C. F.; Blackshire, J.; Lindgren, E. A. AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2902653	conference	January 2008
Nonlinear ultrasonics for material state awareness Jacobs, L. J. AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4864797	conference	January 2014
Laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of metals; physics, computational, and materials challenges King, W. E.; Anderson, A. T.; Ferencz, R. M. Applied Physics Reviews, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4937809	journal	December 2015
The need and approach for characterization - U.S. air force perspectives on materials state awareness Aldrin, John C.; Lindgren, Eric A. AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5031501	conference	January 2018
The metallurgy and processing science of metal additive manufacturing Sames, W. J.; List, F. A.; Pannala, S. International Materials Reviews, Vol. 61, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2015.1116649	journal	March 2016
Melt pool and keyhole behaviour analysis for deep penetration laser welding Fabbro, R. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 43, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/43/44/445501	journal	October 2010
Thermomechanical Modeling of Additive Manufacturing Large Parts Denlinger, Erik R.; Irwin, Jeff; Michaleris, Pan Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol. 136, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4028669	journal	October 2014
Keyhole threshold and morphology in laser melting revealed by ultrahigh-speed x-ray imaging Cunningham, Ross; Zhao, Cang; Parab, Niranjan Science, Vol. 363, Issue 6429 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav4687	journal	February 2019
Microstructural Control of Additively Manufactured Metallic Materials Collins, P. C.; Brice, D. A.; Samimi, P. Annual Review of Materials Research, Vol. 46, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070115-031816	journal	July 2016
Overview of modelling and simulation of metal powder bed fusion process at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory King, W.; Anderson, A. T.; Ferencz, R. M. Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 31, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000728	journal	November 2014
Development and application of MIPAR™: a novel software package for two- and three-dimensional microstructural characterization Sosa, John M.; Huber, Daniel E.; Welk, Brian Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-9772-3-10	journal	April 2014
Powder-based additive manufacturing - a review of types of defects, generation mechanisms, detection, property evaluation and metrology Collins, Peter C.; Bond, Leonard J.; Taheri, Hossein International Journal of Additive and Subtractive Materials Manufacturing, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1504/ijasmm.2017.10009247	journal	January 2017
Thermophysical Phenomena in Metal Additive Manufacturing by Selective Laser Melting: Fundamentals, Modeling, Simulation, and Experimentation Meier, Christoph; Penny, Ryan W.; Zou, Yu Annual Review of Heat Transfer, Vol. 20, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1615/annualrevheattransfer.2018019042	journal	January 2017
Investigations of welding instabilities and weld seam formation during laser microwelding of ultrathin metal sheets Seiler, Michael; Patschger, Andreas; Bliedtner, Jens Journal of Laser Applications, Vol. 28, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2351/1.4944446	journal	May 2016
Analysis of laser–melt pool–powder bed interaction during the selective laser melting of a stainless steel Gunenthiram, Valérie; Peyre, Patrice; Schneider, Matthieu Journal of Laser Applications, Vol. 29, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2351/1.4983259	journal	May 2017
A Perspective of The Needs and Opportunities for Coupling Materials Science and Nondestructive Evaluation for Metals-Based Additive Manufacturing Quintana, Mj; Ji, Y.; Collins, Peter Materials Evaluation, Vol. 80, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.32548/2022.me-04256	journal	April 2022
On the Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser-Melted Stainless Steel Hitzler, Leonhard; Hirsch, Johann; Heine, Burkhard Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10101136	journal	September 2017
Measurement of the Anisotropic Dynamic Elastic Constants of Additive Manufactured and Wrought Ti6Al4V Alloys Tevet, Ofer; Svetlizky, David; Harel, David Materials, Vol. 15, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020638	journal	January 2022
Microstructural Characterization of Additively Manufactured Metal Components Using Linear and Nonlinear Ultrasonic Techniques Park, Seong-Hyun; Choi, Sungho; Song, Dong-Gi Materials, Vol. 15, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113876	journal	May 2022
High-Throughput Numerical Investigation of Process Parameter-Melt Pool Relationships in Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion Breuning, Christoph; Böhm, Jonas; Markl, Matthias Modelling, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling4030019	journal	July 2023
Texture Analysis with MTEX – Free and Open Source Software Toolbox Bachmann, F.; Hielscher, Ralf; Schaeben, Helmut Solid State Phenomena, Vol. 160 https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.160.63	journal	February 2010

Similar Records

Spall fracture in additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V

Journal Article · 2016 · Journal of Applied Physics · OSTI ID:1329904

Jones, David Robert; Fensin, Saryu Jindal; Dippo, Olivia; +7 more

Microstructural characterization and comparison of Ti-6Al-4V manufactured with different additive manufacturing processes

Journal Article · 2018 · Materials Characterization · OSTI ID:22805754

Akerfeldt, P.; Pederson, R.; Antti, M. -L.; +1 more

Hydrogen trapping in 3D-printed (additive manufactured) Ti-6Al-4V

Journal Article · 2018 · Materials Characterization · OSTI ID:22805800

Silverstein, Ravit; Eliezer, Dan

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
Materials Science

Title: Using defects as a ‘fossil record’ to help interpret complex processes during additive manufacturing: as applied to raster-scanned electron beam powder bed additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V

Citation Formats

References (99)

Similar Records

Related Subjects