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Title: Roadmap on energy harvesting materials

Journal Article · · JPhys Materials
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Abstract Ambient energy harvesting has great potential to contribute to sustainable development and address growing environmental challenges. Converting waste energy from energy-intensive processes and systems (e.g. combustion engines and furnaces) is crucial to reducing their environmental impact and achieving net-zero emissions. Compact energy harvesters will also be key to powering the exponentially growing smart devices ecosystem that is part of the Internet of Things, thus enabling futuristic applications that can improve our quality of life (e.g. smart homes, smart cities, smart manufacturing, and smart healthcare). To achieve these goals, innovative materials are needed to efficiently convert ambient energy into electricity through various physical mechanisms, such as the photovoltaic effect, thermoelectricity, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, and radiofrequency wireless power transfer. By bringing together the perspectives of experts in various types of energy harvesting materials, this Roadmap provides extensive insights into recent advances and present challenges in the field. Additionally, the Roadmap analyses the key performance metrics of these technologies in relation to their ultimate energy conversion limits. Building on these insights, the Roadmap outlines promising directions for future research to fully harness the potential of energy harvesting materials for green energy anytime, anywhere.

Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC36-08GO28308; AC02-05CH11231; NA0003525; SC0022288
OSTI ID:
1993878
Journal Information:
JPhys Materials, Journal Name: JPhys Materials Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 6; ISSN 2515-7639
Publisher:
IOP PublishingCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United Kingdom
Language:
English

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Organic solar cells based on non-fullerene acceptors journal January 2018
Downscaling of self-aligned, all-printed polymer thin-film transistors journal November 2007
Dye-sensitized solar cells for efficient power generation under ambient lighting journal May 2017
On the tuning of electrical and thermal transport in thermoelectrics: an integrated theory–experiment perspective journal February 2016
Organic piezoelectric materials: milestones and potential journal March 2019
A self-improving triboelectric nanogenerator with improved charge density and increased charge accumulation speed journal September 2018
Skin-touch-actuated textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator with black phosphorus for durable biomechanical energy harvesting journal October 2018
Large-area and adaptable electrospun silicon-based thermoelectric nanomaterials with high energy conversion efficiencies journal November 2018
Double-slit photoelectron interference in strong-field ionization of the neon dimer journal January 2019
Small contact resistance and high-frequency operation of flexible low-voltage inverted coplanar organic transistors journal March 2019
Quantifying the triboelectric series journal March 2019
Cascade surface modification of colloidal quantum dot inks enables efficient bulk homojunction photovoltaics journal January 2020
Enhanced control of self-doping in halide perovskites for improved thermoelectric performance journal December 2019
Correlating charge and thermoelectric transport to paracrystallinity in conducting polymers journal April 2020
Quantifying and understanding the triboelectric series of inorganic non-metallic materials journal April 2020
Si0.97Ge0.03 microelectronic thermoelectric generators with high power and voltage densities journal August 2020
N-type organic thermoelectrics: demonstration of ZT > 0.3 journal November 2020
Novel symmetrical bifacial flexible CZTSSe thin film solar cells for indoor photovoltaic applications journal May 2021
Selection rules of triboelectric materials for direct-current triboelectric nanogenerator journal August 2021
A sub-150-nanometre-thick and ultraconformable solution-processed all-organic transistor journal October 2021
2D materials for future heterogeneous electronics journal March 2022
Rapid and up-scalable manufacturing of gigahertz nanogap diodes journal June 2022
Anderson transition in stoichiometric Fe2VAl: high thermoelectric performance from impurity bands journal June 2022
Prediction of high thermoelectric performance in the low-dimensional metal halide Cs3Cu2I5 journal April 2021
Efficient kesterite solar cells with high open-circuit voltage for applications in powering distributed devices journal November 2017
Material insights and challenges for non-fullerene organic solar cells based on small molecular acceptors journal July 2018
Wide-gap non-fullerene acceptor enabling high-performance organic photovoltaic cells for indoor applications journal August 2019
Ultrahigh piezoelectricity in ferroelectric ceramics by design journal March 2018
High-mobility band-like charge transport in a semiconducting two-dimensional metal–organic framework journal October 2018
Integrating graphene into semiconductor fabrication lines journal May 2019
Quantifying charge carrier localization in chemically doped semiconducting polymers journal May 2021
Polycrystalline SnSe with a thermoelectric figure of merit greater than the single crystal journal August 2021
High-performance thermoelectrics and challenges for practical devices journal October 2021
Flexoelectronics of centrosymmetric semiconductors journal June 2020
Next-generation organic photovoltaics based on non-fullerene acceptors journal February 2018
Giant anomalous Nernst effect and quantum-critical scaling in a ferromagnetic semimetal journal July 2018
Two-dimensional MoS2-enabled flexible rectenna for Wi-Fi-band wireless energy harvesting journal January 2019
Thermoelectric performance of a metastable thin-film Heusler alloy journal November 2019
A droplet-based electricity generator with high instantaneous power density journal February 2020
Ultralow contact resistance between semimetal and monolayer semiconductors journal May 2021
A Pulse-Biasing Small-Signal Measurement Technique Enabling 40 MHz Operation of Vertical Organic Transistors journal May 2018
Non-Linear Self-Heating in Organic Transistors Reaching High Power Densities journal June 2018
5G as a wireless power grid journal January 2021
Two-dimensional materials with piezoelectric and ferroelectric functionalities journal June 2018
Field-effect transistors made from solution-grown two-dimensional tellurene journal April 2018
Wireless body sensor networks based on metamaterial textiles journal June 2019
100 GHz zinc oxide Schottky diodes processed from solution on a wafer scale journal October 2020
Radiofrequency transistors based on aligned carbon nanotube arrays journal June 2021
Smart textiles for personalized healthcare journal March 2022
Wirelessly powered large-area electronics for the Internet of Things journal December 2022
Systematic Conversion of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes into n-type Thermoelectric Materials by Molecular Dopants journal November 2013
Enhanced thermoelectric performance of β-Zn4Sb3 based nanocomposites through combined effects of density of states resonance and carrier energy filtering journal December 2015
Ultra-low thermal conductivities in large-area Si-Ge nanomeshes for thermoelectric applications journal September 2016
Interrelation between atomic switching disorder and thermoelectric properties of ZrNiSn half-Heusler compounds journal January 2012
Enhanced thermoelectric properties of CNT/PANI composite nanofibers by highly orienting the arrangement of polymer chains journal January 2012
$ per W metrics for thermoelectric power generation: beyond ZT journal January 2013
An electrospun nanowire-based triboelectric nanogenerator and its application in a fully self-powered UV detector journal January 2014
Perovskite photovoltaics: life-cycle assessment of energy and environmental impacts journal January 2015
Progress in triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology and self-powered sensors journal January 2015
Integrated hybrid life cycle assessment and supply chain environmental profile evaluations of lead-based (lead zirconate titanate) versus lead-free (potassium sodium niobate) piezoelectric ceramics journal January 2016
Multiscale-structuring of polyvinylidene fluoride for energy harvesting: the impact of molecular-, micro- and macro-structure journal January 2017
Environmental life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of triboelectric nanogenerators journal January 2017
Realizing a thermoelectric conversion efficiency of 12% in bismuth telluride/skutterudite segmented modules through full-parameter optimization and energy-loss minimized integration journal January 2017
Triboelectric nanogenerators: providing a fundamental framework journal January 2017
A triboelectric generator based on self-poled Nylon-11 nanowires fabricated by gas-flow assisted template wetting journal January 2017
Farming thermoelectric paper journal January 2019
A case study of Fe 2 TaZ (Z = Al, Ga, In) Heusler alloys: hunt for half-metallic behavior and thermoelectricity journal January 2018
Bioinspired elastic piezoelectric composites for high-performance mechanical energy harvesting journal January 2018
Dye-sensitized solar cells under ambient light powering machine learning: towards autonomous smart sensors for the internet of things journal January 2020
All-polymer indoor photovoltaics with high open-circuit voltage journal January 2019
Organic-based thermoelectrics journal January 2020
Microstructural and photoconversion efficiency enhancement of compact films of lead-free perovskite derivative Rb 3 Sb 2 I 9 journal January 2020
Challenges and prospects of ambient hybrid solar cell applications journal January 2021
Substitutional doping of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite crystals for thermoelectrics journal January 2020
Halogen regulation of inorganic perovskites toward robust triboelectric nanogenerators and charging polarity series journal January 2020
Enhanced thermoelectric performance of F4-TCNQ doped FASnI 3 thin films journal January 2020
High open-circuit voltage roll-to-roll compatible processed organic photovoltaics journal January 2020
Development of encapsulation strategies towards the commercialization of perovskite solar cells journal January 2022
Tl0.6Mo3S5, an original large tunnel-like molybdenum sulfide with Mo zigzag chains and disordered Tl cations journal January 2021
Advances in half-Heusler alloys for thermoelectric power generation journal January 2021
Nanocrystalline triple perovskite compounds A3Fe2BO9 (A = Sr, Ba; B = W, Te) with ferromagnetic and dielectric properties for triboelectric energy harvesting journal January 2022
Lightweight wearable thermoelectric cooler with rationally designed flexible heatsink consisting of phase-change material/graphite/silicone elastomer journal January 2021
New sustainable ternary copper phosphide thermoelectrics journal January 2022
Perovskite-inspired Cu2AgBiI6 for mesoscopic indoor photovoltaics under realistic low-light intensity conditions journal January 2023
An updated roadmap for the integration of metal–organic frameworks with electronic devices and chemical sensors journal January 2017
Large n- and p-type thermoelectric power factors from doped semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube thin films journal January 2017
Cd-Free Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 solar cell with an efficiency greater than 10% enabled by Al 2 O 3 passivation layers journal January 2019
Boosting performances of triboelectric nanogenerators by optimizing dielectric properties and thickness of electrification layer journal January 2020
Investigation of low intensity light performances of kesterite CZTSe, CZTSSe, and CZTS thin film solar cells for indoor applications journal January 2020
Defect engineering in thermoelectric materials: what have we learned? journal January 2021
Conduction band engineering of half-Heusler thermoelectrics using orbital chemistry journal January 2022
Fabrication of an all-oxide thermoelectric power generator journal June 2001
Electrical and thermal properties of single-crystalline (Ca2CoO3)0.7CoO2 with a Ca3Co4O9 structure journal March 2003
Radio frequency rectifiers based on organic thin-film transistors journal March 2006
Microwave rectification by a carbon nanotube Schottky diode journal July 2008
Wurtzite structure Sc1−xAlxN solid solution films grown by reactive magnetron sputter epitaxy: Structural characterization and first-principles calculations journal June 2010
Promising thermoelectric properties in AgxMo9Se11 compounds (3.4≤x≤3.9) journal April 2011
Low-voltage gallium–indium–zinc–oxide thin film transistors based logic circuits on thin plastic foil: Building blocks for radio frequency identification application journal April 2011
Do we really need high thermoelectric figures of merit? A critical appraisal to the power conversion efficiency of thermoelectric materials journal September 2011
Ultrahigh strain and piezoelectric behavior in relaxor based ferroelectric single crystals journal August 1997
Switching of morphotropic phase boundary and large strain response in lead-free ternary (Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 )TiO 3 –(K 0.5 Bi 0.5 )TiO 3 –(K 0.5 Na 0.5 )NbO 3 system journal March 2013
Molecular modeling of electron trapping in polymer insulators journal July 2000
Giant piezoelectricity of monolayer group IV monochalcogenides: SnSe, SnS, GeSe, and GeS journal October 2015
Is organic photovoltaics promising for indoor applications? journal June 2016
Influence of interface inhomogeneities in thin-film Schottky diodes journal November 2017
A practical field guide to thermoelectrics: Fundamentals, synthesis, and characterization journal June 2018
Elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion of piezoelectric Al 1−x Sc x N (up to x = 0.41) thin films journal July 2018
AlScN: A III-V semiconductor based ferroelectric journal March 2019
New horizons in thermoelectric materials: Correlated electrons, organic transport, machine learning, and more journal May 2019
Effect of stresses on the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 )O 3 thin films journal July 2019
Lead-free halide perovskite photovoltaics: Challenges, open questions, and opportunities journal October 2020
Suppressed oxidation of tin perovskite by Catechin for eco-friendly indoor photovoltaics journal January 2021
High solubility of Al and enhanced thermoelectric performance due to resonant states in Fe2VAlx journal February 2022
Ultralow thermal conductivity in all-inorganic halide perovskites journal July 2017
Thermoelectric materials and applications for energy harvesting power generation journal November 2018
Graphene geometric diodes for terahertz rectennas journal April 2013
Simultaneous increase in electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient in highly boron-doped nanocrystalline Si journal April 2013
A piezoelectric vibration based generator for wireless electronics journal August 2004
Analysis of CdTe photovoltaic cells for ambient light energy harvesting journal July 2020
The correlation between limiting efficiency of indoor photovoltaics and spectral characteristics of multi-color white LED sources journal May 2021
Large violation of the Wiedemann–Franz law in Heusler, ferromagnetic, Weyl semimetal Co2MnAl journal August 2021
Strain-induced enhancement of thermoelectric performance of TiS 2 monolayer based on first-principles phonon and electron band structures journal December 2017
A review of the advances in composites/nanocomposites for triboelectric nanogenerators journal March 2022
From contact electrification to triboelectric nanogenerators journal September 2021
Flexible diodes for radio frequency (RF) electronics: a materials perspective journal October 2017
Review on ZnO-based piezotronics and piezoelectric nanogenerators: aspects of piezopotential and screening effect journal August 2021
Key properties of inorganic thermoelectric materials—tables (version 1) journal March 2022
Will organic thermoelectrics get hot? journal July 2019
Intrinsic Ultralow Lattice Thermal Conductivity in the Full-Heusler Compound Ba2AgSb journal March 2022
Enhanced Piezoelectric Response of AlN via CrN Alloying journal March 2018
Stoichiometric and off-stoichiometric full Heusler Fe2V1−xWxAl thermoelectric systems journal August 2020
Effect of quantum-well structures on the thermoelectric figure of merit journal May 1993
Large thermoelectric power in NaCo 2 O 4 single crystals journal November 1997
Effect of off-stoichiometry on the transport properties of the Heusler-typeFe2VAlcompound journal May 2001
Thermoelectric performance of lanthanum telluride produced via mechanical alloying journal September 2008
Reconstructing phonon mean-free-path contributions to thermal conductivity using nanoscale membranes journal June 2015
Diameter dependence of thermoelectric power of semiconducting carbon nanotubes journal October 2015
Effects of partial La filling and Sb vacancy defects on CoS b 3 skutterudites journal April 2017
Low-Dimensional Transport and Large Thermoelectric Power Factors in Bulk Semiconductors by Band Engineering of Highly Directional Electronic States journal March 2015
Ultralow Thermal Conductivity in Full Heusler Semiconductors journal July 2016
Formation of Vacancies in Si- and Ge-based Clathrates: Role of Electron Localization and Symmetry Breaking journal June 2017
Racemic Amino Acid Piezoelectric Transducer journal January 2019
Magneto-Seebeck microscopy of domain switching in collinear antiferromagnet CuMnAs journal September 2020
Stability and residual stresses of sputtered wurtzite AlScN thin films journal March 2021
Phonon-glass electron-crystal thermoelectric clathrates: Experiments and theory journal June 2014
LaFe 4 P 12 with filled CoAs 3 -type structure and isotypic lanthanoid–transition metal polyphosphides journal November 1977
History and recent progress in piezoelectric polymers journal November 2000
A review and design of the on-chip rectifiers for RF energy harvesting conference March 2015
Microwave and Millimeter Wave Power Beaming journal January 2021
Maximum efficiencies of indoor photovoltaic devices journal January 2013
Photovoltaic Characterization Under Artificial Low Irradiance Conditions Using Reference Solar Cells journal July 2020
Dual-Junction GaAs Photovoltaics for Low Irradiance Wireless Power Transfer in Submillimeter-Scale Sensor Nodes journal November 2020
Interlaboratory Comparison of Solar Cell Measurements Under Low Indoor Lighting Conditions journal November 2021
Radio-Frequency Rectifier for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting: Development Path and Future Outlook journal November 2014
Far-Field Wireless Power Harvesting: Nonlinear Modeling, Rectenna Design, and Emerging Applications journal January 2022
A 13.56-MHz RFID System Based on Organic Transponders journal January 2007
A Batteryless Motion-Adaptive Heartbeat Detection System-on-Chip Powered by Human Body Heat journal November 2020
Amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide TFTs Patterned by Self-Aligned Photolithography Overcoming the GHz Threshold journal December 2020
Rectennas for Radio-Frequency Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power Transfer: A Review of Antenna Design [Antenna Applications Corner] journal October 2020
Graphene-based Wireless Agile Interconnects for Massive Heterogeneous Multi-chip Processors journal January 2022
Millimeter-Wave Power Harvesting: A Review journal January 2020
Dual-Polarized Wearable Antenna/Rectenna for Full-Duplex and MIMO Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) journal January 2021
High efficiency single-junction InGaP photovoltaic devices under low intensity light illumination conference June 2017
Analysis and Design Strategy of UHF Micro-Power CMOS Rectifiers for Micro-Sensor and RFID Applications journal January 2007
Gigahertz Operation of a-IGZO Schottky Diodes journal October 2013
AlGaAs Photovoltaics for Indoor Energy Harvesting in mm-Scale Wireless Sensor Nodes journal July 2015
Energy Harvesting for GaAs Photovoltaics Under Low-Flux Indoor Lighting Conditions journal July 2016
Fully Integrated 2.4-GHz Flexible Rectifier Using Chemical-Vapor-Deposition Graphene MMIC Process journal March 2021
Broadband Millimeter-Wave Textile-Based Flexible Rectenna for Wearable Energy Harvesting journal November 2020
Study of Laterally Stacked Nanostructures Using an Organic Semiconducting Channel Fabricated by Trench Isolation Technique journal January 2020
Macro energy harvester based on Aluminium Nitride thin films conference October 2011
Measurement and Analysis of Available Ambient Radio Frequency Energy for Wireless Energy Harvesting conference September 2016
An Integrated a-IGZO UHF Energy Harvester for Passive RFID Tags journal September 2014
Single Carbon Nanotube Schottky Diode Microwave Rectifiers journal October 2011
Perspective on the Development of Lead-free Piezoceramics journal June 2009
Simulation of Thermoelectric Performance of Bulk SrTiO3 with Two‐Dimensional Electron Gas Grain Boundaries journal June 2010
Efficient Energy Harvesting Using Piezoelectric Compliant Mechanisms: Theory and Experiment journal January 2016
Recent advances in piezoelectric materials conference November 1997
Biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator as a life-time designed implantable power source journal March 2016
Ultrastretchable, transparent triboelectric nanogenerator as electronic skin for biomechanical energy harvesting and tactile sensing journal May 2017
Observation of enhanced thermopower due to spin fluctuation in weak itinerant ferromagnet journal February 2019
Battery-free, skin-interfaced microfluidic/electronic systems for simultaneous electrochemical, colorimetric, and volumetric analysis of sweat journal January 2019
Wireless battery-free wearable sweat sensor powered by human motion journal October 2020
Damage-tolerant 3D-printed ceramics via conformal coating journal July 2021
Decoupling electron and phonon transport in single-nanowire hybrid materials for high-performance thermoelectrics journal May 2021
Realizing a 14% single-leg thermoelectric efficiency in GeTe alloys journal May 2021
Peak External Photocurrent Quantum Efficiency Exceeding 100% via MEG in a Quantum Dot Solar Cell journal December 2011
Emerging approaches, challenges and opportunities in life cycle assessment journal June 2014
Nanomaterials in transistors: From high-performance to thin-film applications journal August 2015
Advances in thermoelectric materials research: Looking back and moving forward journal September 2017
Transcutaneous ultrasound energy harvesting using capacitive triboelectric technology journal August 2019
Dirac-source field-effect transistors as energy-efficient, high-performance electronic switches journal June 2018
Internet of Things: Energy boon or bane? journal April 2019
Giant piezoelectricity of Sm-doped Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -PbTiO 3 single crystals journal April 2019
High thermoelectric cooling performance of n-type Mg 3 Bi 2 -based materials journal July 2019
Aligned, high-density semiconducting carbon nanotube arrays for high-performance electronics journal May 2020
High-entropy-stabilized chalcogenides with high thermoelectric performance journal February 2021
Relaxor ferroelectric polymer exhibits ultrahigh electromechanical coupling at low electric field journal March 2022
High thermoelectric performance realized through manipulating layered phonon-electron decoupling journal March 2022
3D-printed programmable tensegrity for soft robotics journal August 2020
Preparation and Thermoelectric Properties of a Chimney-Ladder (Mn1-xFex)Siγ (γ∼1.7) Solid Solution journal March 2011
Thermoelectric nanospectroscopy for the imaging of molecular fingerprints journal August 2020
Metal–organic frameworks for thermoelectric energy-conversion applications journal November 2016
Lead-free piezoceramics: Status and perspectives journal August 2018
Materials for energy harvesting: At the forefront of a new wave journal March 2018
A Techno-Economic Analysis and Cost Reduction Roadmap for III-V Solar Cells report November 2018
Leverage Surface Chemistry for High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators journal November 2020
Thermoelectric Materials: Current Status and Future Challenges journal August 2021
CdTe-Based Thin Film Solar Cells: Past, Present and Future journal March 2021
A Proposal for Typical Artificial Light Sources for the Characterization of Indoor Photovoltaic Applications journal March 2014
Earth Abundant Element Type I Clathrate Phases journal August 2016
Machine Learning Chemical Guidelines for Engineering Electronic Structures in Half-Heusler Thermoelectric Materials journal April 2020
Recent advances and future prospects in energy harvesting technologies journal October 2020
Potential of AgBiI4 rudorffites for indoor photovoltaic energy harvesters in autonomous environmental nanosensors journal April 2021
Comprehensive review on the development of high mobility in oxide thin film transistors journal October 2017
Possible High Thermoelectric Power in Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes ∼ A Case Study of Doped One-Dimensional Semiconductors journal February 2018
Giant Seebeck coefficient in semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotube film journal January 2014