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Title: Feasibility of FDEM cross-dipole and TDEM loop sources for monitoring CO2 at the Kemper CarbonSAFE site

Journal Article · · International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
ORCiD logo [1];  [2];  [1];  [3]
  1. National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA (United States)
  2. Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States)
  3. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
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Electromagnetics has been shown to be a viable tool to monitor CO2 plumes embedded in saline reservoirs. However, the majority of studies focus on measuring the electric field, which requires cumbersome equipment in the field and it is difficult to install permanent measurement stations. Magnetic field receivers offer an opportunity to reduce the form factor of the survey and increase the mobility by utilizing upcoming technologies, such as drones. We explore the use of frequency-domain electric dipole sources, and timedomain loops with a focus on measuring the secondary magnetic field at the surface for a conceptual injection scenario based on the Kemper CarbonSAFE site. We find that electric dipole sources give a response above the sensitivity of current sensor technology and, therefore, be a viable tool for CO2 monitoring. The time domain loop source does provide fields that are useful for determining the location of the CO2 plume, however the field magnitude is below the sensitivity of the current generation of instruments. To explore the use of a potential borehole receiver we generate a map of the magnetic field at depth to explore potential borehole placement for monitoring efforts. Finally, we limit the spatial extent of the electric dipole survey to a single parcel of land to help understand how the fields change with survey geometry. We find that the shape of the secondary fields change slightly with the small transmitter, but are still measurable provided that the cultural noise at the site is low. Thus, we conclude that at the Kemper site a frequency-domain cross-dipole source with magnetometer receivers is suitable to monitor the expansion of the CO2 plume in the saline reservoir, even with a limited transmitter footprint on the surface.

Research Organization:
National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA, Morgantown, WV, and Albany, OR (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Fossil Energy (FE); USDOE Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-05CH11231
OSTI ID:
1993490
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 2429398
Journal Information:
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Vol. 127; ISSN 1750-5836
Publisher:
ElsevierCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (13)

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A framework for simulation and inversion in electromagnetics journal October 2017
SimPEG: An open source framework for simulation and gradient based parameter estimation in geophysical applications journal December 2015
Multi-method virtual electromagnetic experiments for developing suitable monitoring designs: A fictitious CO2sequestration scenario in Northern Germany journal September 2015
Monitoring CO2 storage using well-casing source electromagnetics journal February 2022
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Modeling Basin- and Plume-Scale Processes of CO2 Storage for Full-Scale Deployment journal December 2009
The cost of CO2 transport and storage in global integrated assessment modeling journal July 2021
Integrated electromagnetic data investigation of a Mesozoic CO2 storage target reservoir-cap-rock succession, Svalbard journal January 2017
Deep learning electromagnetic inversion with convolutional neural networks journal May 2019
Imaging of CO2 storage sites, geothermal reservoirs, and gas shales using controlled-source magnetotellurics: Modeling studies journal August 2010
A feasibility study of nonseismic geophysical methods for monitoring geologic CO2 sequestration journal October 2006

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58 GEOSCIENCES
Electromagnetics
Forward-modeling
Monitoring
Carbon storage