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Title: Mineral detection of neutrinos and dark matter. A whitepaper

Journal Article · · Physics of the Dark Universe
ORCiD logo [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [5];  [8];  [9];  [4];  [10];  [11];  [12];  [13];  [14];  [15];  [15];  [16] more »;  [17];  [8];  [18];  [19];  [4];  [20];  [3];  [21];  [20];  [22];  [23];  [24];  [25];  [6];  [26];  [6];  [27];  [3];  [6];  [4];  [5];  [6];  [28];  [4];  [8];  [8];  [29];  [13];  [5];  [14];  [6];  [8];  [30];  [23];  [3];  [14];  [31];  [10];  [32];  [8];  [23];  [33];  [33];  [3];  [14];  [8];  [5];  [13];  [34] « less
  1. Stanford University, CA (United States); University of Texas, Austin
  2. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ferrara (Italy)
  3. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama (Japan)
  4. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
  5. University of Zurich (Switzerland)
  6. Nagoya University (Japan)
  7. University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (United States)
  8. Queen's University, Kingston, ON (Canada)
  9. Queen's University, Kingston, ON (Canada); Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON (Canada)
  10. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Milano (Italy)
  11. Universita degli Studi dell'Aquila, L'Aquila (Italy)
  12. University of Chicago, IL (United States)
  13. University of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
  14. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (United States)
  15. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) (Germany)
  16. Stanford University, CA (United States)
  17. University of Texas, Austin, TX (United States); Stockholm University (Sweden)
  18. Università degli Studi di Milano (Italy)
  19. Heidelberg University (Germany)
  20. Kanazawa University (Japan)
  21. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA (United States); University of Tokyo (Japan)
  22. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA (United States)
  23. Toho University, Miyama (Japan)
  24. Kyoto University (Japan)
  25. Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Ibaraki (Japan)
  26. Hokkaido University, Sapporo (Japan)
  27. University of Cantabria, Santander, Cantabria (Spain)
  28. Kochi University (Japan)
  29. Tohoku University, Sendai (Japan); University of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
  30. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (United States); Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ (United States); Kyoto University (Japan)
  31. SHI-ATEX Co., Ltd., Saijo (Japan)
  32. Duke University, Durham, NC (United States)
  33. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
  34. Tohoku University, Sendai (Japan)
+ Show Author Affiliations

Minerals are solid state nuclear track detectors — nuclear recoils in a mineral leave latent damage to the crystal structure. Depending on the mineral and its temperature, the damage features are retained in the material from minutes (in low-melting point materials such as salts at a few hundred °C) to timescales much larger than the 4.5 Gyr-age of the Solar System (in refractory materials at room temperature). The damage features from the O (50) MeV fission fragments left by spontaneous fission of 238U and other heavy unstable isotopes have long been used for fission track dating of geological samples. Laboratory studies have demonstrated the readout of defects caused by nuclear recoils with energies as small as O (1) keV. This whitepaper discusses a wide range of possible applications of minerals as detectors for ER ≳ O (1) keV nuclear recoils: Using natural minerals, one could use the damage features accumulated over O (10) Myr–O (1) Gyr to measure astrophysical neutrino fluxes (from the Sun, supernovae, or cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere) as well as search for Dark Matter. Using signals accumulated over months to few-years timescales in laboratory-manufactured minerals, one could measure reactor neutrinos or use them as Dark Matter detectors, potentially with directional sensitivity. Research groups in Europe, Asia, and America have started developing microscopy techniques to read out the O (1)–O (100) damage features in crystals left by O (0.1)–O (100) keV nuclear recoils. We report on the status and plans of these programs. Furthermore, the research program towards the realization of such detectors is highly interdisciplinary, combining geoscience, material science, applied and fundamental physics with techniques from quantum information and Artificial Intelligence.

Research Organization:
Cambridge U., DAMTP; Cantabria Inst. of Phys.; Chicago U.; Duke U.; Furukawa Electric; Heidelberg U.; Hokkaido U.; INFN, Ferrara; INFN, Milan; JAEA, Ibaraki; JAMSTEC, Yokohama; Johns Hopkins U.; Joint Quantum Inst., College Park; KIT, Karlsruhe; KMI, Nagoya; Kanagawa U.; Kanazawa U.; Kochi Medical School; Kyoto U.; L'Aquila U.; Maryland U.; Maryland U., College Park; Michigan U.; Milan U.; Nagoya U., ISEE; Penn State U., Astron. Astrophys.; Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.; Queen's U., Kingston; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); South Carolina U.; Stanford U., ITP; Stanford U., Math. Dept.; Stockholm U., OKC; Texas U.; Toho U.; Tohoku U.; Tokyo U., IPMU; U. Michigan, Ann Arbor; University of Texas, Austin, TX (United States); Virginia Tech.; Zurich U.
Sponsoring Organization:
US Department of Energy; USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation; USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
Grant/Contract Number:
89243024CSC000002; AC02-07CH11359; NA0003920; SC0020262; SC0021654; SC0022021
OSTI ID:
1991959
Report Number(s):
FERMILAB-PUB-23-501-SQMS-V
Journal Information:
Physics of the Dark Universe, Journal Name: Physics of the Dark Universe Vol. 41; ISSN 2212-6864
Publisher:
ElsevierCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Forward and Inverse Modeling of Low-Temperature Thermochronometry Data journal January 2005
Inverse modeling of annealing of fission tracks in apatite; 1, A controlled random search method journal December 1997
Using Fission-Track Radiography Coupled with Scanning Electron Microscopy for Efficient Identification of Solid-Phase Uranium Mineralogy at a Former Uranium Pilot Mill (Grand Junction, Colorado) journal July 2021
New Projections for Dark Matter Searches with Paleo-Detectors journal June 2021
Comprehensive Understanding of Hillocks and Ion Tracks in Ceramics Irradiated with Swift Heavy Ions journal December 2020
Preliminary U/Th dating and the evolution of gypsum crystals in Naica caves (Mexico) journal May 2011
Uranium-series dating of gypsum speleothems: methodology and examples journal January 2010
Technical note: Rapid phase identification of apatite and zircon grains for geochronology using X-ray micro-computed tomography journal July 2022

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46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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