Lightning Rings and Gravity Waves: Insights Into the Giant Eruption Plume From Tonga's Hunga Volcano on 15 January 2022

Van Eaton, Alexa R.; Lapierre, Jeff; Behnke, Sonja A.; Vagasky, Chris; Schultz, Christopher J.; Pavolonis, Michael; Bedka, Kristopher; Khlopenkov, Konstantin

doi:10.1029/2022GL102341

Title: Lightning Rings and Gravity Waves: Insights Into the Giant Eruption Plume From Tonga's Hunga Volcano on 15 January 2022

Journal Article · 19 June 2023 · Geophysical Research Letters

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL102341 · OSTI ID:1985735

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U.S. Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory Vancouver WA USA
Advanced Environmental Monitoring (AEM) Germantown MD USA
Electromagnetic Sciences and Cognitive Space Applications Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM USA
Vaisala Inc. Louisville CO USA, Now at Department of Agronomy University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville AL USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) Center for Satellite Applications and Research Advanced Satellite Products Branch Madison WI USA
NASA Langley Research Center Hampton VA USA
Science Systems and Applications, Inc Hampton VA USA

Abstract On 15 January 2022, Hunga Volcano in Tonga produced the most violent eruption in the modern satellite era, sending a water‐rich plume at least 58 km high. Using a combination of satellite‐ and ground‐based sensors, we investigate the astonishing rate of volcanic lightning (>2,600 flashes min ⁻¹ ) and what it reveals about the dynamics of the submarine eruption. In map view, lightning locations form radially expanding rings. We show that the initial lightning ring is co‐located with an internal gravity wave traveling >80 m s ⁻¹ in the stratospheric umbrella cloud. Buoyant oscillations of the plume's overshooting top generated the gravity waves, which enhanced turbulent particle interactions and triggered high‐current electrical discharges at unusually high altitudes. Our analysis attributes the intense lightning activity to an exceptional mass eruption rate (>5 × 10 ⁹ kg s ⁻¹ ), rapidly expanding umbrella cloud, and entrainment of abundant seawater vaporized from magma‐water interaction at the submarine vent.

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Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); USDOE; USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001

OSTI ID:: 1985735

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-23-23258; e2022GL102341

Journal Information:: Geophysical Research Letters, Journal Name: Geophysical Research Letters Journal Issue: 12 Vol. 50; ISSN 0094-8276

Publisher:: American Geophysical Union (AGU)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Title: Lightning Rings and Gravity Waves: Insights Into the Giant Eruption Plume From Tonga's Hunga Volcano on 15 January 2022

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