DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: Circular plastics technologies: pyrolysis of plastics to fuels and chemicals

Journal Article · · Physical Sciences Reviews

Pyrolysis technologies are a staple in plastic chemical recycling because of the robustness to contamination and existing infrastructure. Pyrolysis is already considered to be a reasonably mature technology with numerous pilot plants operating to pyrolyze plastic waste into fuels and chemicals. Here this chapter will describe the pyrolysis process and important process parameters, the types of plastics that are suitable for pyrolysis recycling, the mechanism of pyrolytic degradation of various plastics, the products derived from different plastics, companies that have successfully scaled pyrolysis recycling, and recent innovations in the technology.

Research Organization:
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC36-08GO28308
OSTI ID:
1984227
Report Number(s):
NREL/JA-2800-86482; MainId:87255; UUID:37ee77b6-6626-4890-a2af-6d64a5b7f446; MainAdminId:69712
Journal Information:
Physical Sciences Reviews, Vol. 9, Issue 5; ISSN 2365-6581
Publisher:
De GruyterCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (93)

100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Needs for Plastics Packaging Circularity journal September 2020
Feedstock Recycling and Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics: Converting Waste Plastics into Diesel and Other Fuels book March 2006
The chemistry of chemical recycling of solid plastic waste via pyrolysis and gasification: State-of-the-art, challenges, and future directions journal May 2021
Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste journal March 2016
A review on pyrolysis of plastic wastes journal May 2016
Chemical Recycling of Polymer Materials journal October 1998
Pyrolysis of plastic waste: Opportunities and challenges journal November 2020
Generalized van der Waals-Berthelot equation of state journal August 2008
Pyrolysis of polyolefins for increasing the yield of monomers’ recovery journal May 2012
Kinetic studies of co-pyrolysis of rubber seed shell with high density polyethylene journal November 2014
Study of the catalytic pyrolysis behaviour of polyethylene–polypropylene mixtures journal August 2005
Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene over HZSM5 and HUSY zeolites in a batch reactor under dynamic conditions journal February 2009
Evolution of products during the degradation of polyethylene in a batch reactor journal September 2009
Composition of products from the pyrolysis of polyethylene and polystyrene in a closed batch reactor: Effects of temperature and residence time journal November 2009
Effects of temperature and particle size on bio-char yield from pyrolysis of agricultural residues journal November 2004
Pyrolysis of a fraction of waste polypropylene and polyethylene for the recovery of BTX aromatics using a fluidized bed reactor journal March 2010
Feedstock recycling of polymers by pyrolysis in a fluidised bed journal September 2004
Composition of Liquid Fuels Derived from the Pyrolysis of Plastics book March 2006
Fluidized-bed pyrolysis of polyolefins wastes: Predictive defluidization model journal July 2002
Pyrolysis of filled PMMA for monomer recovery journal April 2001
Cracking catalysts used as fluidized bed material in the Hamburg pyrolysis process journal February 1999
A pyrolysis study for the thermal and kinetic characteristics of an agricultural waste with two different plastic wastes journal July 2014
A review on thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of plastic solid waste (PSW) journal July 2017
Waste Polyolefins to Liquid Fuels via Pyrolysis: Review of Commercial State-of-the-Art and Recent Laboratory Research journal April 2011
Fuels by pyrolysis of waste plastics from agricultural and packaging sectors in a pilot scale reactor journal July 2009
State-of-the-art of fast pyrolysis in IEA bioenergy member countries journal April 2013
Pyrolysis of biomass in the rotating cone reactor: modelling and experimental justification journal December 1994
The Cyclone: A Multifunctional Reactor for the Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass journal April 2000
Ablative plate pyrolysis of biomass for liquids journal January 1994
Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector journal September 2017
Characteristics and kinetic study on pyrolysis of five lignocellulosic biomass via thermogravimetric analysis journal September 2015
Fast pyrolysis of biomass in free-fall reactor for hydrogen-rich gas journal July 2004
Pyrolysis technologies for municipal solid waste: A review journal December 2014
Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading journal March 2012
Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil: A Critical Review journal May 2006
Biofuels Production through Biomass Pyrolysis —A Technological Review journal November 2012
Novel and innovative pyrolysis and gasification technologies for energy efficient and environmentally sound MSW disposal journal January 2004
A Review on Pyrolysis of Biomass and the Impacts of Operating Conditions on Product Yield, Quality, and Upgradation book January 2018
Auger reactors for pyrolysis of biomass and wastes journal March 2019
Pyrolysis of mixed plastics into aromatics journal July 1999
Defluidization and agglomeration of a fluidized bed reactor during Cynara cardunculus L. gasification using sepiolite as a bed material journal March 2015
Attrition-free pyrolysis to produce bio-oil and char journal December 2009
Kinetic Study of Polyolefin Pyrolysis in a Conical Spouted Bed Reactor journal August 2002
Catalytic pyrolysis of high density polyethylene in a conical spouted bed reactor journal May 2007
Catalytic pyrolysis of HDPE in continuous mode over zeolite catalysts in a conical spouted bed reactor journal May 2009
Influence of FCC catalyst steaming on HDPE pyrolysis product distribution journal May 2009
Current state and future prospects of plastic waste as source of fuel: A review journal October 2015
Thermochemical routes for the valorization of waste polyolefinic plastics to produce fuels and chemicals. A review journal June 2017
Mechanical and chemical recycling of solid plastic waste journal November 2017
Synergies between Bio- and Oil Refineries for the Production of Fuels from Biomass journal September 2007
Waste catalysts for waste polymer journal January 2007
Pyrolysis in auger reactors for biochar and bio-oil production: A review journal September 2017
Assessement of Phenanthrene Removal from Hot Gas by Porous Carbons journal November 2000
Microwave-Induced Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes journal October 2001
Life cycle environmental impacts of chemical recycling via pyrolysis of mixed plastic waste in comparison with mechanical recycling and energy recovery journal May 2021
Upcycling to Sustainably Reuse Plastics journal July 2021
Kinetics of the thermal degradation of polyethylene terephthalate journal March 1983
Hydrocarbon fuels produced by catalytic pyrolysis of hospital plastic wastes in a fluidizing cracking process journal November 2010
Bromine removal from resin particles of crushed waste printed circuit boards by vacuum low-temperature heating journal July 2020
Thermal Recycling of Brominated Flame Retardants with Fe2O3 journal July 2016
Pyrolysis of plastic packaging waste: A comparison of plastic residuals from material recovery facilities with simulated plastic waste journal May 2012
A Review on Waste to Energy Processes Using Microwave Pyrolysis journal October 2012
Hydrogen production from used lubricating oils journal December 2007
Fate of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis of industrial waste oils journal May 2003
Microwave pyrolysis of polymeric materials: Waste tires treatment and characterization of the value-added products journal September 2013
Thermochemical Reforming of Wastes to Renewable Fuels book January 2018
Experimental investigation on liquefaction of plastic waste to oil in supercritical water journal April 2019
Waste biomass valorization for the production of biofuels and value-added products: A comprehensive review of thermochemical, biological and integrated processes journal March 2022
A review of hydrothermal biomass processing journal December 2014
Study on the polystyrene plastic degradation in supercritical water/CO2 mixed environment and carbon fixation of polystyrene plastic in CO2 environment journal January 2022
Reduction, detoxification and recycling of solid waste by hydrothermal technology: A review journal June 2020
Hydrothermal liquefaction of corn straw with mixed catalysts for the production of bio-oil and aromatic compounds journal December 2019
Hydrothermal liquefaction of various biomass and waste feedstocks for biocrude production: A state of the art review journal February 2017
Chemical recycling of plastic wastes made from polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) journal November 2007
The effect of silica–alumina catalysts on degradation of polyolefins by a continuous flow reactor journal September 2010
Catalytic degradation of high density polyethylene over nanocrystalline HZSM-5 zeolite journal December 2006
Principal component analysis for kinetic scheme proposal in the thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of waste tyres journal March 2014
Thermal conversion of waste polyolefins to the mixture of hydrocarbons in the reactor with molten metal bed journal October 2010
Effects of the types of zeolites on catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis wax oil journal March 2012
Thermal degradation of polyethylene and polystyrene from the packaging industry over different catalysts into fuel-like feed stocks journal March 2006
Plastic catalytic pyrolysis to fuels as tertiary polymer recycling method: Effect of process conditions journal May 2010
Effect of the temperature in the nature and extension of the primary and secondary reactions in the thermal and HZSM-5 catalytic pyrolysis of HDPE journal February 2007
Recycling of waste plastics into fuels. LDPE conversion in FCC journal August 2012
Second-generation biofuels by co-processing catalytic pyrolysis oil in FCC units journal February 2014
Catalytic degradation of polyethylene using thermal gravimetric analysis and a cycled-spheres-reactor journal August 2001
Technologies for chemical recycling of household plastics – A technical review and TRL assessment journal March 2020
Recent advances in the gasification of waste plastics. A critical overview journal February 2018
Process and technological aspects of municipal solid waste gasification. A review journal April 2012
Production of Fischer–Tropsch hydrocarbons via oxygen-blown gasification of charred pinewood pellets journal December 2015
Conversion of mixed plastic wastes in a dual fluidized bed steam gasifier journal May 2013
New concepts in biomass gasification journal February 2015
A critical review on solid waste treatment using plasma pyrolysis technology journal July 2022
Development of plasma pyrolysis/gasification systems for energy efficient and environmentally sound waste disposal journal October 2013

Figures / Tables (10)