Electrochemical Doping of Halide Perovskites by Noble Metal Interstitial Cations

Kerner, Ross A.; Cohen, Ayala V.; Xu, Zhaojian; Kirmani, Ahmad R.; Park, So Yeon; Harvey, Steven P.; Murphy, John P.; Cawthorn, Robert C.; Giebink, Noel C.; Luther, Joseph M.; Zhu, Kai; Berry, Joseph J.; Kronik, Leeor; Rand, Barry P.

doi:10.1002/adma.202302206

Title: Electrochemical Doping of Halide Perovskites by Noble Metal Interstitial Cations

Journal Article · 02 June 2023 · Advanced Materials

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202302206 · OSTI ID:1983474

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National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovoth 76100 Israel
Department of Electrical Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
Department of Electrical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA, Department of Physics University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
Department of Electrical Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA, Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA

Abstract Metal halide perovskites are an attractive class of semiconductors, but it has proven difficult to control their electronic doping by conventional strategies due to screening and compensation by mobile ions or ionic defects. Noble‐metal interstitials represent an under‐studied class of extrinsic defects that plausibly influence many perovskite‐based devices. In this work, doping of metal halide perovskites is studied by electrochemically formed Au ⁺ interstitial ions, combining experimental data on devices with a computational analysis of Au ⁺ interstitial defects based on density functional theory (DFT). Analysis suggests that Au ⁺ cations can be easily formed and migrate through the perovskite bulk via the same sites as iodine interstitials (I _i ⁺ ). However, whereas I _i ⁺ compensates n‐type doping by electron capture, the noble‐metal interstitials act as quasi‐stable n‐dopants. Experimentally, voltage‐dependent, dynamic doping by current density–time ( J–t ), electrochemical impedance, and photoluminescence measurements are characterized. These results provide deeper insight into the potential beneficial and detrimental impacts of metal electrode reactions on long‐term performance of perovskite photovoltaic and light‐emitting diodes, as well as offer an alternative doping explanation for the valence switching mechanism of halide‐perovskite‐based neuromorphic and memristive devices.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 1983474

Journal Information:: Advanced Materials, Journal Name: Advanced Materials Journal Issue: 29 Vol. 35; ISSN 0935-9648

Publisher:: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Germany

Language:: English

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